1 2 Eleanor Abdella Doumato (rev. Byron D. Cannon) (2009). "Jāhilīyah". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
↑ Eleanor Abdella Doumato (rev. Byron D. Cannon) (2009). "Jāhilīyah". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Since the twentieth century various movements, some with quite clear political agendas, have used the concept of Jāhilīyah to refer to what they deem to be an un-Islamic state of affairs affecting both private and public life in the Muslim world generally.
