อ้างอิง ของ ธาตุกึ่งโลหะ

  1. ↑ Chedd 1969, pp. 58, 78; National Research Council 1984, p.  43
  2. ↑ King 1979, p. 13
  3. ↑ NIST 2010. Values shown in the above table have been converted from the NIST values, which are given in eV.
  4. ↑ Berger 1997; Lovett 1977, p. 3
  5. ↑ Goldsmith 1982, p. 526; Hawkes 2001, p. 1686
  6. ↑ Hawkes 2001, p. 1687
  7. ↑ James et al. 2000, p. 480
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  9. 1 2 Gray 2009, p.  9
  10. ↑ Booth & Bloom 1972, p. 426; Cox 2004, pp. 17, 18, 27–8; Silberberg 2006, pp. 305–13
  11. ↑ Cox 2004, pp. 17–18, 27–8; Silberberg 2006, p. 305–13
  12. ↑ Rodgers 2011, pp. 232–3; 240–1
  13. ↑ Desch 1914, p. 86
  14. ↑ Van der Put 1998, p. 123
  15. ↑ Emsley 2001, p. 67
  16. ↑ Büchel 1983, p. 226
  17. ↑ Emsley 2001, p. 67
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  20. ↑ Jaouen & Gibaud 2010
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  28. ↑ Peryea 1998
  29. ↑ Nielsen 1998
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  31. ↑ Apseloff 1999
  32. ↑ Trivedi, Yung & Katz 2013, p. 209
  33. ↑ Thomas, Bialek & Hensel 2013, p. 1
  34. ↑ Perry 2011, p. 74
  35. ↑ UCR Today 2011; Wang & Robinson 2011; Kinjo et al. 2011
  36. ↑ Mokhatab & Poe 2012, p. 271
  37. ↑ McKee 1984
  38. ↑ Chopra et al. 2011
  39. ↑ Le Bras, Wilkie & Bourbigot 2005, p. v
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  41. ↑ Locke et al. 1956, p. 88
  42. ↑ Carlin 2011, p. 6.2
  43. ↑ Evans 1993, pp.  257–8
  44. ↑ Corbridge 2013, p. 1149
  45. ↑ Tominaga 2006, p. 327–8; Chung 2010, p. 285–6; Kolobov & Tominaga 2012, p. 149
  46. ↑ New Scientist 2014; Hosseini, Wright & Bhaskaran 2014; Farandos et al. 2014
  47. ↑ Kosanke 2002, p. 110
  48. ↑ Ellern 1968, pp. 246, 326–7
  49. ↑ Conkling & Mocella 2010, p. 82
  50. ↑ Crow 2011; DailyRecord 2014
  51. ↑ Conkling & Mocella 2010, p. 82
  52. ↑ Schwab & Gerlach 1967; Yetter 2012, pp. 81; Lipscomb 1972, pp. 2–3, 5–6, 15
  53. ↑ Conkling & Mocella 2010, pp. 181, 213
  54. ↑ Ellern 1968, pp. 209–10; 322
  55. ↑ Russell 2009, pp. 15, 17, 41, 79–80
  56. ↑ Kosanke 2002, p. 110
  57. ↑ Ellern 1968, p. 328
  58. ↑ Conkling & Mocella 2010, p. 171
  59. ↑ Conkling & Mocella 2011, pp. 83–4
  60. ↑ Ellern 1968, pp. 209–10; 322
  61. ↑ Berger 1997, p. 91; Hampel 1968, passim
  62. ↑ Rochow 1966, p. 41; Berger 1997, pp. 42–3
  63. ↑ Bomgardner 2013, p. 20
  64. ↑ Russell & Lee 2005, p. 395; Brown et al. 2009, p. 489
  65. ↑ [[Haller 2006, p. 4: "The study and understanding of the physics of semiconductors progressed slowly in the 19th and early 20th centuries ... Impurities and defects ... could not be controlled to the degree necessary to obtain reproducible results. This led influential physicists, including W. Pauli and I. Rabi, to comment derogatorily on the 'Physics of Dirt'."; Hoddeson 2007, pp. 25–34 (29)]]
  66. ↑ Russell & Lee 2005, p. 401; Büchel, Moretto & Woditsch 2003, p. 278
  67. ↑ Russell & Lee 2005, p. 401; Büchel, Moretto & Woditsch 2003, p. 278
  68. ↑ Bianco et. al. 2013
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  70. ↑ Lee et al. 2014
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  72. ↑ He et al. 2014
  73. ↑ Berger 1997, p. 91
  74. ↑ Bomgardner 2013, p. 20
  75. ↑ ScienceDaily 2012
  76. ↑ Reardon 2005; Meskers, Hagelüken & Van Damme 2009, p. 1131
  77. ↑ The Economist 2012
  78. ↑ Whitten 2007, p. 488
  79. ↑ Jaskula 2013
  80. ↑ German Energy Society 2008, p. 43–44
  81. ↑ Patel 2012, p. 248
  82. ↑ Moore 2104; University of Utah 2014; Xu et al. 2014
  83. ↑ Yang et al. 2012, p. 614
  84. ↑ Moore 2010, p. 195
  85. ↑ Moore 2011
  86. ↑ Liu 2014
  87. ↑ Bradley 2014; University of Utah 2014
  88. ↑ Kneen, Rogers & Simpson, 1972, p. 263.
  89. ↑ Stoker 2010, p. 62; Chang 2002, p. 304
  90. 1 2 Rochow 1966, p. 4
  91. ↑ Hunt 2000, p. 256
  92. ↑ McQuarrie & Rock 1987, p. 85
  93. ↑ Bailar et al. 1989, p. 742
  94. ↑ Metcalfe, Williams & Castka 1974, p. 86
  95. ↑ Chang 2002, p. 306
  96. ↑ Metcalfe, Williams & Castka 1974, p. 86
  97. ↑ Chang 2002, p. 306
  98. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary 1989, 'metalloid'; Gordh, Gordh & Headrick 2003, p. 753
  99. ↑ Foster 1936, pp. 212–13; Brownlee et al. 1943, p. 293
  100. ↑ Calderazzo, Ercoli & Natta 1968, p. 257
  101. ↑ Klemm 1950, pp. 133–42; Reilly 2004, p. 4
  102. ↑ Walters 1982, pp. 32–3
  103. ↑ Friend 1953, p. 68; IUPAC 1959, p. 10; IUPAC 1971, p. 11
  104. ↑ IUPAC 2005; IUPAC 2006–