อ้างอิง ของ ราชวงศ์หมิง

  1. Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF). Journal of world-systems research. 12 (2): 219–29. ISSN 1076-156X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2007. สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 August 2010.
  2. Edwin Oldfather Reischauer, John King Fairbank, Albert M. Craig (1960) A history of East Asian civilization, Volume 1. East Asia: The Great Tradition, George Allen & Unwin Ltd., quoted in C. Simon Fan (2016) Culture, Institution, and Development in China: The Economics of National Character, Routledge, p. 97 ISBN 978-1-138-18571-5
  3. Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006, p. 271.
  4. Crawford, Robert. "Eunuch Power in the Ming dynasty". T'oung Pao, Second Series, Vol. 49, Livr. 3 (1961), pp. 115–148. Accessed 14 October 2012.
  5. For the lower population estimate, see (Fairbank & Goldman 2006:128); for the higher, see (Ebrey 1999:197)
  6. 1 2 Gascoigne 2003, p. 150.
  7. Gascoigne 2003, p. 151.
  8. 1 2 3 Ebrey 1999, p. 191.
  9. "Ethnic Uygurs in Hunan Live in Harmony with Han Chinese". People's Daily. 29 December 2000.
  10. Zhiyu Shi (2002). Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state. Volume 13 of Routledge studies – China in transition (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-415-28372-4. สืบค้นเมื่อ 28 June 2010.
  11. Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-7007-1026-3. สืบค้นเมื่อ 28 June 2010.
  12. Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics, by Yuan-kang Wang
  13. Robinson 2000, p. 527.
  14. Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006, p. 272.
  15. 1 2 Ebrey 1999, p. 194.
  16. Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006, p. 273.
  17. Hucker 1958, p. 31.
  18. Spence 1999, p. 16.
  19. 1 2 Spence 1999, p. 17.
  20. Ebrey 1999, pp. 194–195.
  21. Hucker 1958, p. 11.
  22. Spence 1999, pp. 17–18.
  23. Spence 1999, pp. 24, 28.
  24. 1 2 Chang 2007, p. 92.
  25. Spence 1999, p. 31.
  26. Hucker 1958, p. 28.
  27. Chang 2007, p. 15, footnote 42.
  28. Edwin Oldfather Reischauer, John King Fairbank, Albert M. Craig (1960) A history of East Asian civilization, Volume 1. East Asia: The Great Tradition, George Allen & Unwin Ltd., quoted in C. Simon Fan (2016) Culture, Institution, and Development in China: The Economics of National Character, Routledge, p. 97 ISBN 978-1-138-18571-5
  29. Yuan 1994, pp. 193–194.
  30. Hartwell 1982, pp. 397–398.
  31. Hucker 1958, p. 5.
  32. Ebrey 1999, p. 200.
  33. 1 2 Hucker 1958, p. 12.
  34. Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006, p. 96.
  35. Ebrey 1999, pp. 145–146.
  36. Ebrey 1999, p. 199.
  37. Ebrey 1999, pp. 198–199.
  38. Ebrey 1999, pp. 201–202.
  39. Ebrey 1999, p. 202.
  40. Ebrey 1999, p. 198.
  41. Hucker 1958, p. 18.
  42. Hucker 1958, pp. 18–19.
  43. Hucker 1958, p. 25.
  44. Hucker 1958, pp. 24–25.
  45. Hucker 1958, p. 8.
  46. Brook 1998, p. 27.
  47. 1 2 Brook 1998, p. 267.
  48. Brook 1998, pp. 97–99.
  49. Brook 1998, p. 97.
  50. 1 2 Brook 1998, pp. 28, 267.
  51. Brook 1998, pp. 27–28.
  52. 1 2 Brook 1998, p. 28.
  53. Ho 1959, pp. 8–9, 22, 259.
  54. 1 2 Brook 1998, p. 95.
  55. Atwell 2002, p. 86.

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