↑ Frank Griffel, Apostasy, in (Editor: Gerhard Bowering et al.) The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, ISBN 978-0691134840, pp 40-41; Diane Morgan (2009), Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice, ISBN 978-0313360251, pages 182-183
↑ Hebatallah Ghali (2006), Rights of Muslim Converts to Christianity Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Law, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, The American University in Cairo, Egypt, page 2; “Whereas apostate (murtad) is the person who commits apostasy (’rtidad), that is the conscious abandonment of allegiance, and renunciation of a religious faith or abandonment of a previous loyalty.”
↑ Peters & De Vries (1976), Apostasy in Islam, Die Welt des Islams, Vol. 17, Issue 1/4, p. 3, quote - "By the murtadd or apostate is understood as the Moslem by birth or by conversion, who renounces his religion, irrespective of whether or not he subsequently embraces another faith".
