↑ The nickname "the Fat" is a twelfth-century concoction. Charles's actual girth is unknown.
MacLean, Simon. Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the end of the Carolingian Empire. Cambridge University Press: 2003.
Leyser, Karl. Communications and Power in Medieval Europe: The Carolingian and Ottonian Centuries. London, 1994.
Reuter, Timothy. Germany in the Early Middle Ages, c. 800-1056. Longman, 1991.
Reuter, Timothy (trans.) The Annals of Fulda. (Manchester Medieval series, Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II.) Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992.
Duckett, Eleanor. Death and Life in the Tenth Century. University of Michigan Press, 1968.
Smith, Julia M. H. Province and Empire: Brittany and the Carolingians. Cambridge University Press: 1992.
