↑ Malenka, RC; Nestler, EJ; Hyman, SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". ใน Sydor, A; Brown, RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 376. ISBN9780071481274. A macrostructure postulated to integrate many of the functions of this circuit is described by some investigators as the extended amygdala. The extended amygdala is said to comprise several basal forebrain structures that share similar morphology, imrnunocytochemical features, and connectivity and that are well suited to mediating aspects of reward function; these include the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the central medial amygdala, the shell of the NAc, and the sublenticular substantia innominata.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) CS1 maint: uses editors parameter (link)
↑ Grall-Bronnec, M; Sauvaget, A (2014). "The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for modulating craving and addictive behaviours: a critical literature review of efficacy, technical and methodological considerations". Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 47: 592–613. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.013. PMID25454360. Studies have shown that cravings are underpinned by activation of the reward and motivation circuits (McBride et al., 2006, Wang et al., 2007, Wing et al., 2012, Goldman et al., 2013, Jansen et al., 2013 and Volkow et al., 2013). According to these authors, the main neural structures involved are: the nucleus accumbens, dorsal striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), amygdala, hippocampus and insula.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
1 2 Malenka, RC; Nestler, EJ; Hyman, SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disordersedition = 2nd". ใน Sydor, A; Brown, RY (ed.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 365–366, 376. ISBN9780071481274. The neural substrates that underlie the perception of reward and the phenomenon of positive reinforcement are a set of interconnected forebrain structures called brain reward pathways; these include the nucleus accumbens (NAc; the major component of the ventral striatum), the basal forebrain (components of which have been termed the extended amygdala, as discussed later in this chapter), hippocampus, hypothalamus, and frontal regions of cerebral cortex. These structures receive rich dopaminergic innervation from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain. Addictive drugs are rewarding and reinforcing because they act in brain reward pathways to enhance either dopamine release or the effects of dopamine in the NAc or related structures, or because they produce effects similar to dopamine. ... A macrostructure postulated to integrate many of the functions of this circuit is described by some investigators as the extended amygdala. The extended amygdala is said to comprise several basal forebrain structures that share similar morphology, immunocytochemical features, and connectivity and that are well suited to mediating aspects of reward function; these include the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the central medial amygdala, the shell of the NAc, and the sublenticular substantia innominata.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Trantham-Davidson, H; Neely, LC; Lavin, A; Seamans, JK (2004). "Mechanisms underlying differential D1 versus D2 dopamine receptor regulation of inhibition in prefrontal cortex". The Journal of Neuroscience. 24 (47): 10652–10659. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3179-04.2004.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
1 2 Fridlund, Alan; Kalat, James (2014). Mind and Brain, the Science of Psychology. California: Cengage Learning.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
