อ้างอิง ของ รายชื่อจักรวรรดิเรียงตามพื้นที่

  1. ↑ Ferguson, p. 15.: "At its maximum extent between the world wars the British Empire covered more than 13 million square miles, approximately 23 percent of the world's land surface."
  2. ↑ Johnston, Steve, Tea Party Culture War: A Clash of Worldviews, p90, "By 1922, the British Empire presided over 458 million people—one-quarter of the world's population—and comprised more than 13 million square miles."
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Harrison (1998, pp. 3,7).
  4. ↑ Smil, Vaclav (29 January 2010). Why America Is Not a New Rome. MIT Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780262288293. สืบค้นเมื่อ 30 October 2014.
  5. ↑ Turner, Tracey (3 October 2013). What's the Difference Between Snot and Bogeys?. Scholastic UK. ISBN 9781407138121. สืบค้นเมื่อ 30 October 2014.
  6. ↑ Finlay. Pilgrim Art. p.151.
  7. ↑ Vandepeer, Matt. "Retrospect Empire" (PDF). The Suttonian. สืบค้นเมื่อ 30 October 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 Jonathan M. Adams, Thomas D. Hall and Peter Turchin (2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF). Journal of World-Systems Research. University of Connecticut. 12 (no. 2): 219–229.
  9. ↑ The combined population of China and Korea in the 13th century was 83 in Biraben (2003[ต้องการหน้า]). The combined population of Eastern Europe, Russia, Central Asia, Iran, Iraq and Turkey was about 27 in Maddison (2006[ต้องการหน้า]).
  10. ↑ Biraben, Jean-Noel; Biraben, Jean-Noel (January 1979). "Essai sur l'evolution du nombre des hommes". Population (French Edition). Institut national d'études démographiques. 34 (1): 13–25. doi:10.2307/1531855.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Maddison, op cit. For alternate estimates, see the Economic History Services' USA/UK GDP search tool.
  12. ↑ "The Largest Historical Empires". สืบค้นเมื่อ 30 September 2014.
  13. ↑ http://www.johndclare.net/Empire/images/The%20British%20Empire.ppt
  14. ↑ http://my.raex.com/~obsidian/earthrul.html
  15. ↑ Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994), The End of the Jihad State, the Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd-al Malik and the collapse of the Umayyads, State University of New York Press, p. 37, ISBN 0-7914-1827-8
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 475–504. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (a) John D. Durand, 1960, "The Population Statistics of China, A.D. 2–1953", Population Studies Vol. 13 (No. 3), 209–256. (b) John D. Durand, 1974, "Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation", University of Pennsylvania, Population Center, Analytical and Technical Reports, Number 10.
  18. ↑ Recorded number of persons and households in 1290 are 58,834,711 and 13,196,206, respectively (History of Yuan), while recorded peak number of persons and households are 59,848,964 and 13,430,322 in 1291, respectively (History of Yuan).
  19. ↑ Recorded number of persons in 1851 is 432,164,047 according to Draft History of Qing.
  20. 1 2 3 Gordon (2005)
  21. 1 2 McEvedy and Jones (1978).
  22. ↑ While estimates for the Achaemenid Empire range from 10–80+ million, most prefer 40–50 million. Prevas (2009, p. 14) estimates 10 . Langer (2001, p. 40) estimates around 16 2. McEvedy and Jones (2001, p. 50) estimates 17 3. Strauss (2004, p. 37) estimates about 20 4. Ward (2009, p. 16) estimates at 20 5. Aperghis (2007, p. 311) estimates 32 6. Scheidel (2009, p. 99) estimates 35 7. Zeinert (1996, p. 32) estimates 40 8. Rawlinson and Schauffler (1898, p. 270) estimates possibly 50 9. Astor (1899, p. 56) estimates almost 50 10. Lissner (1961, p. 111) estimates probably 50 11. Milns (1968, p. 51) estimates some 50 12. Hershlag (1980, p. 140) estimates nearly 50 13. Daniel (2001, p. 41) estimates at 50 15. Meyer and Andreades (2004, p. 58) estimates to 50 16. Pollack (2004, p. 7) estimates about 50 17. Jones (2004, p. 8) estimates over 50 18. Safire (2007, p. 627) estimates in 50 19. Dougherty (2009, p. 6) estimates about 70 20. Richard (2008, p. 34) estimates nearly 70 21. Mitchell (2004, p. 16) estimates over 70 22. Hanson (2001, p. 32) estimates almost 75 23. West (1913, p. 85) estimates about 75 24. Zenos (1889, p. 2) estimates exactly 75 25. Cowley (1999 and 2001, p. 17) estimates possibly 80 26. Cook (1904, p. 277) estimates exactly 80 27.
  23. ↑ Yarshater (1996, p. 47)
  24. ↑ IBGE Dados Históricos dos Censos
  25. ↑ Rashidun Caliphate
  26. ↑ Larousse Encyclopedia
  27. ↑ Morris, Ian. 2009. The dynamics of ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium
  28. ↑ Jean-Noël Biraben, "The History of the Human Population From the First Beginnings to the Present" in Demography: Analysis and Synthesis: A Treatise in Population (Eds: Graziella Caselli, Jacques Vallin, Guillaume J. Wunsch), Vol. III, Chapter 66, pp 5–18, Academic Press:San Diego (2005).
  29. ↑ Recorded number of persons and households in 1393 are 60,545,812 and 10,652,870, respectively (Ming Hui Dian), while recorded peak number of persons and households are 66,598,337 and 11,415,829 in 1403, respectively (Book of Ming).
  30. ↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF). Journal of world-systems research. 12 (2): 219–229. ISSN 1076-156X. สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 August 2010.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Rein Taagepera "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.", Social Science History Vol. 3, 115–138 (1979).
  32. ↑ Recorded number of persons and households in AD 2 are 58,594,978 and 12,233,062, respectively (Book of Han).
  33. ↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF). Journal of world-systems research. 12 (2): 219–229. ISSN 1076-156X. สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 August 2010.
  34. ↑ Boesche, Roger (2003-03-01). The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra. p. 11. ISBN 9780739106075.
  35. ↑ Demeny, Paul George; McNicoll, Geoffrey (May 2003). Encyclopedia of population. ISBN 9780028656793.
  36. ↑ Chandra, Satish. Medieval India: From Sultanate To The Mughals. p. 202.
  37. ↑ Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones (1978), "Atlas of World Population History", Facts on File (p. 183, p. 342). New York.
  38. ↑ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". Social Science History. Duke University Press. 3 (3/4): 118. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  39. ↑ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. Duke University Press. 3 (3/4): 125. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
  40. ↑ Mclynn Frank "Marcus Aurelius" p. 4. Published by The Bodley Head 2009
  41. ↑ There are several different estimates for the Roman Empire. Scheidel (2006, p. 2) estimates 60. Goldsmith (1984, p. 263) estimates 55. Beloch (1886, p. 507) estimates 54. Maddison (2006, p. 51, 120) estimates 48. Roman Empire Population estimates 65 (while mentioning several other estimates between 55 and 120 ).
  42. ↑ Scheidel, Walter; Friesen, Steven J. (Nov. 2009): "The Size of the Economy and the Distribution of Income in the Roman Empire", The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 99, pp. 61–91
  43. ↑ Data from History Database of the Global Environment. K. Klein Goldewijk and G. van Drecht, "HYDE 3.1: Current and historical population and land cover", in Eds. A. F. Bouwman, T. Kram, and K. Klein Goldewijk, "Integrated modelling of global environmental change. An overview of IMAGE 2.4", Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
  44. ↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF). Journal of world-systems research. 12 (2): 219–229. ISSN 1076-156X. สืบค้นเมื่อ August 12, 2010.
  45. ↑ Claudio Cioffi-Revilla, J. Daniel Rogers, Steven P. Wilcox, & Jai Alterman, "Computing the Steppes: Data Analysis for Agent-Based Modeling of Polities in Inner Asia", Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the Amer. Pol. Sci. Assoc., Boston, Massachusetts, p. 8 August 28–31, (2008).
  46. ↑ "History Chola Empire – History Of Ancient, Medieval And Modern India". สืบค้นเมื่อ 30 September 2014.
  47. ↑ "The Cholas"" University of Madras"K. A. Nilakanta Sastri
  48. ↑ http://empires.findthedata.com/q/20/2513/How-large-was-the-Nazi-Germany-at-its-greatest-extent
  49. ↑ Recorded number of persons and households in 1103 are 45,981,845 and 20,524,065, respectively (Song Huiyao), while recorded peak number of persons and households are 46,734,784 and 20,882,438 in 1109, respectively (Song Huiyao).
  50. ↑ Recorded number of persons and households in 1195 are 48,490,400 and 7,223,400, respectively (History of Jin).
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Rein Taagepera "Size and Duration of Empires Growth-Decline Curves, 3000 to 600 B.C.", Social Science Research Vol. 7, 180–196 (1978).
  52. ↑ Recorded number of persons and households are 46,019,956 and 8,907,546, respectively, in 606 (Tongdian) or 609 (Book of Sui).
  53. ↑ Recorded number of persons and households in 1193 are 27,845,085 and 12,302,873, respectively (Wenxian Tongkao), while recorded peak number of persons and households are 28,320,085 and 12,670.801 in 1223, respectively (Wenxian Tongkao).
  54. ↑ International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest, ed. Immanuel Ness, Blackwell Publishing, 2009, p. 1029. Link.
  55. ↑ Recorded number of persons and households in 156 are 56,486,856 and 10,677,960 respectively (Book of the Later Han).
  56. ↑ Rein Taagepera "Size and Duration of Empires: Systematics of Size", Social Science Research Vol. 7, 108–127 (1978).
  57. ↑ John O. Hunwick: Timbuktu and the Songahy Empire: Al-Sa’di's Ta’rikh Al-sudan Down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents (Brill, 2003),p. xlix.
  58. ↑ Victor B Lieberman (2003). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-521-80496-7.
  59. ↑ Hempstone, page 312
  60. ↑ Walker, Sheila S., African roots/American cultures: Africa in the creation of the Americas, Published by Rowman & Littlefield, p. 127. (2001)
  61. ↑ Rein Taagepera «Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.», Social Science History Vol. 3, 115—138 (1979).
  62. ↑ dhwty. "The Rise and Fall of Tigranes the Great, King of Armenia". Ancient Origins. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-02-07.
  63. ↑ Manaseryan, Ruben (2007). Տիգրան Մեծ՝ Հայկական Պայքարը Հռոմի և Պարթևաստանի Դեմ, մ.թ.ա. 94–64 թթ. [Tigran the Great: The Armenian Struggle Against Rome and Parthia, 94–64 B.C.] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Lusakan Publishing. p. needed.
  64. ↑ Армяне.Народ-созидатель. На краткое время Армения достигла имперской мощи и пика достижений во всех областях. Это произошло в царствование Тиграна Великого (95–55 гг. до нашей эры).: Дэвид Лэнг. 1970. pp. Глава 6.Триумф и упадок – Тигран великий и после него.CS1 maint: location (link)
  65. ↑ Armenia and the Armenians from the earliest times until the great war (1914) By Kévork Aslan. Pg 23
  66. 1 2 Collective work. "Atlas Historyczny Polski". PPWK, 1985
  67. 1 2 Maps of border changes""
  68. 1 2 3 Historical Estimates of World Population U.S. Census Bureau.
  69. ↑ "Nation und Nationalismus in Deutschland, 1770-1990".
  70. ↑ "Atlas of Europe in the Middle Ages", Ostrovski, Rome, 1998, page 66
  71. ↑ Kamburova, Violeta (1992). Atlas "History of Bulgaria". Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. pp. 18, 20, 23.
  72. ↑ State of Boleslaw Chrobry"History of Poland during the Piast dynasty"
  73. ↑ Population of Poland"pl:Ludnosc Polski"
  74. ↑ "NĀDER SHAH – Encyclopaedia Iranica".
  75. ↑ Soucek, Svat (2000). A History of Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780521657044. In 1740 Nadir Shah, the new ruler of Iran, crossed the Amu Darya and, accepting the submission of Muhammad Hakim Bi which was then formalized by the acquiescence of Abulfayz Khan himself, proceeded to attack Khiva. When rebellions broke out in 1743 upon the death of Muhammad Hakim, the shah dispatched the ataliq’s son Muhammad Rahim Bi, who had accompanied him to Iran, to quell them.
  76. 1 2 3 Broadberry and Harrison (2005).
  77. ↑ Pamuk (2005[ต้องการหน้า]).

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