↑ Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, by Jeanne Fowler, pgs. 42–43, at Books.Google.com
↑ Wendy Doniger, "God's Body, or, The Lingam Made Flesh: Conflicts over the Representation of the Sexual Body of the Hindu God Shiva" Social Research: An International Quarterly Volume 78, Number 2 / Summer 2011 p 485-508
1 2 Zimmer, Heinrich Robert (1946). Campbell, Joseph (ed.). Myths and symbols in Indian art and civilization. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 126. ISBN0-691-01778-6. But the basic and most common object of worship in Shiva shrines is the phallus or lingam.
↑ Blurton, Richsrd (16 Nov 1992). Hindu Art (Art History). British Museum Press. p. 164. ISBN978-0-7141-1442-2. ... an enshrined linga today will be lovingly garlanded and attended by young women and elderly matrons alike, but without any overt suggestions of sexuality. In traditional Indian society, the linga is rather seen as a symbol of the energy and potentiality of the God.
1 2 "lingam". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Since the late 19th century some scholars have interpreted the lingam and the yoni to be representations of the male and female sexual organs. To practicing Hindus, however, the two together are a reminder that the male and female principles are inseparable and that they represent the totality of all existence.
↑ Sivananda (1996 (web edn. 2000)). Lord Siva and His Worship. Worship of Siva Linga: The Divine Life Trust Society. ISBN81-7052-025-8. The popular belief is that the Siva Lingam represents the phallus or the virile organ, the emblem of the generative power or principle in nature. This is not only a serious mistake, but also a grave blunder. In the post-Vedic period, the Linga became symbolical of the generative power of the Lord Siva. Linga is the differentiating mark. It is certainly not the sex-mark. Check date values in: |year= (help)
↑ Subramuniyaswami, Sivaya. "Satguru". Dancing With Shiva. Himalayan Academy. สืบค้นเมื่อ 27 March 2012.
↑ Jansen, Eva Rudy (2003) [1993]. The book of Hindu imagery: gods, manifestations and their meaning. Binkey Kok Publications. pp. 46, 119. ISBN90-74597-07-6.
