↑ Eaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019). India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 198–. ISBN978-0-14-196655-7. Quote: "Quote: "Amidst this fragmented political environment a new polity emerged in the Marathi-speaking western plateau. Its founder, the charismatic and politically gifted Maratha chieftain Shivaji Bhonsle (1630-80), repeatedly used courage and savvy to outmanoeuvre his adversaries."
↑ Kedourie, Elie (2013). Nationalism in Asia and Africa. Routledge. pp. 71–. ISBN978-1-136-27613-2. Quote: "Tilak also inaugurated another cult by resuscitating the memory of Shivaji, the chieftain who had originally established Mahratta fortunes in contest with the Mughals."
1 2 Subramaniam, Arjun (2016). India's Wars: A Military History, 1947-1971. HarperCollins Publishers India. pp. 30–. ISBN978-93-5177-750-2. Quote: "Quote: First was the purely home-bred guerrilla force under Shivaji. The courageous and wily Maratha chieftain along with his successors and, subsequently, the Peshwas, defied the Mughals and other Muslim invaders for almost a century from the latter half of the seventeenth century and expanded the Maratha Empire till it covered much of the Indian heartland.
↑ Schmidt, Karl J. (2015). An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History. Routledge. pp. 64–. ISBN978-1-317-47681-8. Quote: "An important accomplishment of the second peshwa, Bajirao I (1720-40), son of Balaji Vishwanath, was the creation of a Maratha Confederacy. The large territories that the Marathas had come to possess by 1720 required firm administration and military control, and while Bajirao was ably capable of providing the former, he relied on four Maratha military leaders, Raghuji Bhonsle, Damaji Gaekwar, Malhar Rao Holkar, and Ranoji Sindhia, to provide the latter."
↑ Kumar, Ravinder (2013). Western India in the Nineteenth Century. Taylor & Francis. pp. 16–. ISBN978-1-136-54564-1. Quote: "The growth of Maratha power was first checked at the battle of Panipat, which was fought in 1761. ... The initiative for the third and final round of hostilities (with the British) came from the Peshwa, despite the fact that in 1802 he had placed himself voluntarily under British protection. Spurred by memories of past glory, the Peshwa placed himself at the head of a combination which sought to rid the country of British control. However, his desperate attempt to reassert his independence ended in military disaster at Kirki near Poona in 1818. Under the terms of a peace settlement, the Peshwa retired as a state prisoner to Bithur near Kanpur, while the territories under his control were taken over bv the British government.
