เชิงอรรถและอ้างอิง ของ การปรับตัว_(ชีววิทยา)

  1. ↑ Desmond 1989, pp. 31-32, fn 18
  2. ↑ Voltaire 1759
  3. ↑ Sober 1993, chpt. 2
  4. ↑ Darwin 1872, p. 397: "Rudimentary, Atrophied, and Aborted Organs"
  5. ↑ See, for example, the discussion in Bowler 2003, pp. 86-95: "Whatever the true nature of Lamark's theory, it was his mechanism of adaptation that caught the attention of later naturalists." (p. 90)
  6. ↑ Bowler, Peter J. (1989) [1983]. Evolution The History of an Idea (Revised ed.). University of California Press. p. 86. ISBN 0-520-06386-4.
  7. ↑ Provine 1986
  8. ↑ Ford 1975
  9. 1 2 Orr, H. Allen (2005-02). "The genetic theory of adaptation: a brief history". Nature Reviews Genetics. London: Nature Publishing Group. 6 (2): 119–127. doi:10.1038/nrg1523. ISSN 1471-0056. PMID 15716908. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ↑ Huxley 1942, p. 449
  11. ↑ Mayr 1982, p. 483: "Adaptation... could no longer be considered a static condition, a product of a creative past, and became instead a continuing dynamic process."
  12. ↑ Price 1980
  13. ↑ Daintith, John; Martin, Elizabeth A., eds. (2010) [First published 1984 as Concise Science Dictionary]. "adaptation". A Dictionary of Science. Oxford Paperback Reference (6th ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-19-956146-9. LCCN 2010287468. OCLC 444383696. Any change in the structure or functioning of successive generations of a population that makes it better suited to its environment.
  14. ↑ Bowler 2003, p. 10
  15. ↑ Patterson 1999, p. 1
  16. ↑ Williams 1966, p. 5: "Evolutionary adaptation is a phenomenon of pervasive importance in biology."
  17. ↑ Mayr 1963
  18. ↑ Mayr 1982, pp. 562-566
  19. ↑ Salzburger, Walter; Mack, Tanja; Verheyen, Erik; Meyer, Axel (2005-02-21). "Out of Tanganyika: Genesis, explosive speciation, key-innovations and phylogeography of the haplochromine cichlid fishes" (PDF). BMC Evolutionary Biology. London: BioMed Central. 5 (17). doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-17. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 554777. PMID 15723698. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2015-08-15.
  20. ↑ Kornfield, Irv; Smith, Peter F. (2000-11). "African Cichlid Fishes: Model Systems for Evolutionary Biology". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews. 31: 163–196. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163. ISSN 1545-2069. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ↑ Stebbins 1950, chpts. 8 and 9
  22. ↑ Margulis & Fester 1991
  23. ↑ Hutchinson 1965. The niche is the central concept in evolutionary ecology; see especially part II: "The niche: an abstractly inhabited hypervolume." (pp. 26-78)
  24. 1 2 Dobzhansky 1968, pp. 1-34
  25. ↑ Dobzhansky 1970, pp. 4-6; 79-82
  26. ↑ Dobzhansky, Theodosius (1956-03). "Genetics of Natural Populations. XXV. Genetic Changes in Populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila persimilis in Some Localities in California". Evolution. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons for the Society for the Study of Evolution. 10 (1): 82–92. doi:10.2307/2406099. JSTOR 2406099. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ↑ Price, Trevor D.; Qvarnström, Anna; Irwin, Darren E. (2003-07). "The role of phenotypic plasticity in driving genetic evolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. London: Royal Society. 270 (1523): 1433–1440. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2372. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1691402. PMID 12965006. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ↑ Price, Trevor D. (2006-06). "Phenotypic plasticity, sexual selection and the evolution of colour patterns". The Journal of Experimental Biology. Cambridge, UK: The Company of Biologists. 209 (12): 2368–2376. doi:10.1242/jeb.02183. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 16731813. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ↑ Smith 1993, p. 33
  30. ↑ Moore, Lorna G.; Regensteiner, Judith G. (1983-10). "Adaptation to High Altitude". Annual Review of Anthropology. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews. 12: 285–304. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.001441. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. 1 2 Endler 1986, pp. 33-51
  32. ↑ Sober 1984, p. 210
  33. ↑ Futuyma 1986, p. 552
  34. ↑ Fisher 1930, p. 25
  35. ↑ Wright 1932, pp. 356-366
  36. ↑ Eldredge 1995, p. 33
  37. ↑ Eldredge 1985, p. 136: "Of glaciers and beetles"
  38. ↑ Eldredge 1995, p. 64
  39. ↑ Hogan, C. Michael (2010-10-12). "Mutation". ใน Monosson, Emily (ed.). Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment. OCLC 72808636. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2015-08-18.
  40. ↑ Mayr 1982, pp. 481-483: This sequence tells how Darwin's ideas on adaptation developed as he came to appreciate it as "a continuing dynamic process."
  41. ↑ Sterelny & Griffiths 1999, p. 217
  42. ↑ Freeman & Herron 2007, p. 364
  43. ↑ Rabajante, J; และคณะ (2016). "Host-parasite Red Queen dynamics with phase-locked rare genotypes". Science Advances. 2: e1501548. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501548.
  44. ↑ Carpenter & Ford 1933
  45. ↑ Wickler 1968
  46. ↑ Moon 1976
  47. ↑ Mallet, James (2001-11). "The speciation revolution" (PDF). Journal of Evolutionary Biology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the European Society for Evolutionary Biology. 14 (6): 887–888. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00342.x. ISSN 1010-061X. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  48. ↑ Medawar 1960
  49. ↑ Jacob, François (1977-06-10). "Evolution and Tinkering". Science. Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science. 196 (4295): 1161–1166. doi:10.1126/science.860134. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 860134.
  50. ↑ Mayr 1982, p. 589
  51. ↑ Gould, Stephen Jay (1974-06). "The Origin and Function of 'Bizarre' Structures: Antler Size and Skull Size in the 'Irish Elk,' Megaloceros giganteus". Evolution. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons for the Society for the Study of Evolution. 28 (2): 191–220. doi:10.2307/2407322. ISSN 0014-3820. JSTOR 2407322. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  52. ↑ Tarkhnishvili, David N. (1994). "Interdependences between Populational, Developmental and Morphological Features of the Caucasian salamander, Mertensiella caucasica" (PDF). Mertensiella. Bonn, Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde. 4: 315–325. ISSN 0934-6643. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2015-08-18.
  53. ↑ Darwin 1871, p. 256
  54. ↑ The case was treated by Fisher 1930, pp. 134-139
  55. ↑ Cronin 1991
  56. ↑ Rosenberg, Karen R. (1992). "The evolution of modern human childbirth". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons for the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. 35 (Supplement S15): 89–124. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330350605. ISSN 0002-9483.
  57. ↑ Friedlander, Nancy J.; Jordan, David K. (October–December 1994). "Obstetric implications of Neanderthal robusticity and bone density". Human Evolution. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 9 (4): 331–342. doi:10.1007/BF02435519. ISSN 0393-9375.CS1 maint: date format (link)
  58. ↑ Miller 2007
  59. ↑ Williams 2010, p. 29
  60. ↑ Altwegg, Robert E.; Simmons, Res (2010-09). "Necks-for-sex or competing browsers? A critique of ideas on the evolution of giraffe". Journal of Zoology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. 282 (1): 6–12. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00711.x. ISSN 0952-8369. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  61. ↑ Huxley 1942, p. 417
  62. ↑ Huskins, C. Leonard (1930). "The origin of Spartina Townsendii". Genetica. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague/Kluwer Academic Publishers. 12 (6): 531–538. doi:10.1007/BF01487665. ISSN 0016-6707.
  63. ↑ Lamoreux, Wilfred F.; Hutt, Frederick B. (1939-02-15). "Breed differences in resistance to a deficiency in vitamin B1 in the fowl" (PDF). Journal of Agricultural Research. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture. 58 (4): 307–316. ISSN 0095-9758. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2015-08-20.
  64. ↑ Dobzhansky 1981
  65. ↑ Allin & Hopson 1992, pp. 587-614
  66. ↑ Panchen 1992, chpt. 4, "Homology and the evidence for evolution"
  67. ↑ Gould, Stephen Jay; Vrba, Elizabeth S. (Winter 1982). "Exaptation-A Missing Term in the Science of Form". Paleobiology. Boulder, CO: Paleontological Society. 8 (1): 4–15. ISSN 0094-8373. JSTOR 2400563.
  68. ↑ Wagner, Günter P (2014). "Chapter 1: The Intellectual Challenge of Morphological Evolution: A Case for Variational Structuralism". Homology, Genes, and Evolutionary Innovation. Princeton University Press. p. 7.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  69. ↑ Barrett et al. 1987. Charles Darwin was the first to put forward such ideas.
  70. ↑ Van Valen, Leigh (1973-07). "A New Evolutionary Law" (PDF). Evolutionary Theory. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago. 1: 1–30. ISSN 0093-4755. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2015-08-22. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  71. ↑ Koh, Lian Pin; Dunn, Robert R.; Sodhi, Navjot S.; และคณะ (2004-09). "Species Coextinctions and the Biodiversity Crisis". Science. Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science. 305 (5690): 1632–1634. doi:10.1126/science.1101101. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 15361627. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  72. ↑ Darwin 1872, pp. 57-58. Darwin in tells the story of "a web of complex relations" involving heartsease (Viola tricolor), red clover (Trifolium pratense), humble-bees (bumblebees), mice and cats.
  73. ↑ Sober 1993, pp. 85-86
  74. ↑ Williams 1966, pp. 8-10
  75. ↑ Nagel, Ernest (1977-05). "Goal-Directed Processes in Biology". The Journal of Philosophy. New York: The Journal of Philosophy, Inc. 74 (5): 261–279. doi:10.2307/2025745. ISSN 0022-362X. JSTOR 2025745. Check date values in: |date= (help) Teleology Revisisted: The Dewy Lectures 1977 (first lecture)
  76. ↑ Nagel, Ernest (1977-05). "Functional Explanations in Biology". The Journal of Philosophy. 74 (5): 280–301. doi:10.2307/2025746. ISSN 0022-362X. JSTOR 2025746. Check date values in: |date= (help) Teleology Revisisted: The Dewy Lectures 1977 (second lecture)
  77. ↑ Pittendrigh 1958
  78. ↑ Mayr 1965, pp. 33-50
  79. ↑ Mayr 1988, chpt. 3, "The Multiple Meanings of Teleological"
  80. ↑ Williams 1966, "The Scientific Study of Adaptation"
  81. ↑ Monod 1971
  82. ↑ Allaby, Michael, ed. (2003). "teleonomy". A Dictionary of Zoology. Oxford Paperback Reference (Reissued with new cover and corrections ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860758-X. LCCN 2003278285. OCLC 444678726. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2015-08-24.
  83. ↑ Hull 1982

ใกล้เคียง

การประท้วงในประเทศไทย พ.ศ. 2563–2564 การปรับตัวเป็นสัตว์เลี้ยง การประกวดความงาม การปรับตัว (ชีววิทยา) การประเมินตัวเองหลัก (จิตวิทยา) การประกวดโครงงานวิทยาศาสตร์และวิศวกรรมศาสตร์นานาชาติ การปรับอากาศรถยนต์ การประมาณราคา การประกันภัย การปรับตัวของประสาท