เชิงอรรถและอ้างอิง ของ Representativeness

เชิงอรรถและอ้างอิง ของ Representativeness_heuristic

1 2 3 4 Kahneman & Tversky 1972
1 2 3 Gilovich, Thomas; Savitsky, Kenneth (1996). "Like Goes with Like: The Role of Representativeness in Erroneous and Pseudo-Scientific Beliefs" (PDF). Skeptical Inquirer. 20 (2): 34–40. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511808098.036.
↑ Shah, Anuj K.; Oppenheimer, Daniel M. (2008). "Heuristics made easy: An effort-reduction framework". Psychological Bulletin. 134 (2): 207–222. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.207.
↑ Tversky & Kahneman 1974
↑ Plous 1993, pp. 109-120
↑ ในผลงานปี ค.ศ. 1972 (Kahneman & Tversky 1972)Tversky and Kahneman defined representativeness as "the degree to which [an event] (i) is similar in essential characteristics to its parent population, and (ii) reflects the salient features of the process by which it is generated".คาฮ์นะมันและทเวอร์สกี้ให้คำนิยามของคำว่า "representativeness" (ความเป็นตัวแทน) ว่า "the degree to which [an event] (i) is similar in essential characteristics to its parent population, and (ii) reflects the salient features of the process by which it is generated" ซึ่งอาจแปลว่า "ระดับที่[เหตุการณ์หนึ่ง] (ก) คล้ายคลึงโดยลักษณะสำคัญกับกลุ่มเหตุการณ์ที่เป็นบรรพบุรุษ (โดยที่เหตุการณ์ต่าง ๆ ในกลุ่มเหตุการณ์บรรพบุรุษมีลักษณะสำคัญเหมือนกัน) และ (ข) สะท้อนลักษณะเด่น (salient feature) ของกระบวนการที่ก่อเหตุการณ์ขึ้น (คือเหตุการณ์ที่เป็นผลมีลักษณะคล้ายกับกระบวนการที่เป็นเหตุ)"
1 2 3 Tversky & Kahneman 1982
↑ Fortune, Erica E.; Goodie, Adam S. (2012). "Cognitive distortions as a component and treatment focus of pathological gambling: A review". Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 26 (2): 298–310. doi:10.1037/a0026422.
↑ Tversky & Kahneman 1974.
↑ Nisbett, Richard E.; Ross, Lee (1980). Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment. Prentice-Hall. pp. 115–118. ISBN 978-0-13-445073-5.
↑ Nilsson, Håkan; Juslin, Peter; Olsson, Henrik (2008). "Exemplars in the mist: The cognitive substrate of the representativeness heuristic". Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 49 (3): 201–212. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00646.x.
1 2 Garb, Howard N. (1996). "The representativeness and past-behavior heuristics in clinical judgment". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 27 (3): 272–277. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.27.3.272.
↑ Tversky & Kahneman 1971
↑ Kahneman & Tversky 1973.
1 2 Axelsson, Stefan (2000). "The base-rate fallacy and the difficulty of intrusion detection". ACM Transactions on Information and System Security. 3 (3): 186–205. doi:10.1145/357830.357849.
↑ Dawes, Robyn M.; Mirels, Herbert L.; Gold, Eric; Donahue, Eileen (1993). "Equating inverse probabilities in implicit personality judgments". Psychological Science. 4 (6): 396–400. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00588.x.
↑ (.99x1/10,000)/ (.99x1/10,000+.01x9,999/10,000)=.01
↑ Bar-Hillel, Maya (1980). "The base-rate fallacy in probability judgments". Acta Psychologica. 44 (3): 211–233. doi:10.1016/0001-6918(80)90046-3.
1 2 3 Davidson, Denise (1995). "The representativeness heuristic and the conjunction fallacy effect in children's decision making". Merrill-Palmer Quarterly. 41 (3): 328–346. JSTOR 23087893.
1 2 Jacobs, Janis E.; Potenza, Maria (1991). "The Use of Judgement Heuristics to Make Social and Object Decisions: A Developmental Perspective". Child Development. 62 (1): 166–178. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01522.x.
↑ ทฤษฎีการประเมินทางสังคม (Social judgment theory) เป็นทฤษฎีการโน้มน้าวจิตใจของผู้อื่น ที่ "การประเมินทางสังคม" มีคำนิยามว่า เป็นการรับรู้และการประเมินไอเดียโดยเทียบกับทัศนคติในปัจจุบัน
↑ Gigerenzer, Gerd; Hell, Wolfgang; Blank, Hartmut (1988). "Presentation and content: The use of base rates as a continuous variable". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 14 (3): 513–525. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.14.3.513.
↑ Ajzen, Icek (1977). "Intuitive theories of events and the effects of base-rate information on prediction". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 35 (5): 303–314. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.5.303.
↑ Koehler, Jonathan J. (1996). "The base rate fallacy reconsidered: Descriptive, normative, and methodological challenges". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 19 (01): 1–17. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00041157.
↑ Argote, Linda; Seabright, Mark A; Dyer, Linda (1986). "Individual versus group use of base-rate and individuating information". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 38 (1): 65–75. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(86)90026-9.
↑ Zukier, Henri; Pepitone, Albert (1984). "Social roles and strategies in prediction: Some determinants of the use of base-rate information". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 47 (2): 349–360. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.2.349.
↑ Medin, Douglas L.; Edelson, Stephen M. (1988). "Problem structure and the use of base-rate information from experience". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 117 (1): 68–85. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.117.1.68.
↑ Tversky & Kahneman 1983.
↑ Fiedler, Klaus (1988). "The dependence of the conjunction fallacy on subtle linguistic factors". Psychological Research. 50 (2): 123–129. doi:10.1007/BF00309212.
1 2 Politzer, Guy; Noveck, Ira A. (1991). "Are conjunction rule violations the result of conversational rule violations?". Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. 20 (2): 83–103. doi:10.1007/BF01067877.
↑ Bar-Hillel, Maya; Neter, Efrat (1993). "How alike is it versus how likely is it: A disjunction fallacy in probability judgments". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 65 (6): 1119–1131. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.6.1119.

ผลงานของคาฮ์นะมันและทเวอร์สกี้

Tversky, Amos; Kahneman, Daniel (1971). "Belief in the law of small numbers". Psychological Bulletin. 76 (2): 105–110. doi:10.1037/h0031322.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Kahneman, Daniel; Tversky, Amos (1972). "Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness" (PDF). Cognitive Psychology. 3 (3): 430–454. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Kahneman, Daniel; Tversky, Amos (1973). "On the psychology of prediction". Psychological Review. 80 (4): 237–251. doi:10.1037/h0034747.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Tversky, Amos; Kahneman, Daniel (1974). "Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases" (PDF). Science. 185 (4157): 1124–1131. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Tversky, Amos; Kahneman, Daniel (1982). "Evidential Impact of Base Rates". ใน Kahneman, Daniel; Slovic, Paul; Tversky, Amos (eds.). Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge University Press. pp. 153–163. ISBN 978-0-521-28414-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Tversky, Amos; Kahneman, Daniel (1983). "Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment". Psychological Review. 90 (4): 293–315. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.90.4.293.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

ทั่วไป

Baron, Jonathan (2000). Thinking and Deciding (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65972-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Plous, Scott (1993). The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-0-07-050477-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)