อ้างอิง ของ กาฬมรณะ

  1. ↑ ABC/Reuters (29 January 2008). "Black death 'discriminated' between victims (ABC News in Science)". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 November 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ "Health: De-coding the Black Death". BBC. 3 October 2001. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 November 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ "Black Death's Gene Code Cracked". Wired. 3 October 2001. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 February 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ "Plague". World Health Organization. October 2017. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. สืบค้นเมื่อ 8 November 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Firth, John (April 2012). "The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics". jmvh.org. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. สืบค้นเมื่อ 14 November 2019. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective. University of New Mexico Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8263-2871-7. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. สืบค้นเมื่อ 16 October 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ "Historical Estimates of World Population". Census.gov. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. สืบค้นเมื่อ 28 April 2019. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Jay, Peter (17 July 2000). "A Distant Mirror". TIME Europe. 156 (3). Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 January 2018.
  9. ↑ Nauert, Charles G. (2006). The A to Z of the Renaissance. Scarecrow Press. p. 106. ISBN 9781461718963.
  10. ↑ Jussila, Heikki; Majoral, Roser (2018). Sustainable Development and Geographical Space: Issues of Population, Environment, Globalization and Education in Marginal Regionsons. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 9781351724814.
  11. ↑ Goldthwaite, Richard A. (2009). The economy of Renaissance Florence. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 278. ISBN 9780801889820.
  12. ↑ Hollingsworth, Julia. "Black Death in China: A history of plagues, from ancient times to now". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. สืบค้นเมื่อ 24 March 2020. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Bramanti, Barbara; Stenseth, Nils Chr; Walløe, Lars; Lei, Xu (2016). "Plague: A Disease Which Changed the Path of Human Civilization". Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 918: 1–26. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-0890-4_1. ISBN 978-94-024-0888-1. ISSN 0065-2598. PMID 27722858.
  14. ↑ Wade, Nicholas (2010-10-31). "Europe's Plagues Came From China, Study Finds". The New York Times (in อังกฤษ). ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2020-03-01. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ "Black Death | Causes, Facts, and Consequences". Encyclopædia Britannica (in อังกฤษ). Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2020-03-01. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Wade, Nicholas. "Black Death's Origins Traced to China". query.nytimes.com (in อังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2020-03-01.
  17. ↑ "Black Death". BBC – History. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. สืบค้นเมื่อ 20 December 2019. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  18. ↑
    • On page 22 of the manuscript in Gallica Archived 6 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine., Simon mentions the phrase "mors nigra" (Black Death): "Cum rex finisset oracula judiciorum / Mors nigra surrexit, et gentes reddidit illi;" (When the king ended the oracles of judgment / Black Death arose, and the nations surrendered to him;).
    • A more legible copy of the poem appears in: Emile Littré (1841) "Opuscule relatif à la peste de 1348, composé par un contemporain" Archived 22 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. (Work concerning the plague of 1348, composed by a contemporary), Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes, 2 (2) : 201–243; see especially p. 228.
    • See also: Joseph Patrick Byrne, The Black Death (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004), p. 1. Archived 26 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  19. ↑ Francis Aidan Gasquet, The Black Death of 1348 and 1349, 2nd ed. (London, England: George Bell and Sons, 1908), p. 7. Archived 4 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine.Johan Isaksson Pontanus, Rerum Danicarum Historia ... (Amsterdam (Netherlands): Johann Jansson, 1631), p. 476. Archived 4 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  20. ↑ The German physician Justus Friedrich Karl Hecker (1795–1850) cited the phrase in Icelandic (Svarti Dauði), Danish (den sorte Dod), etc. See: J. F. C. Hecker, Der schwarze Tod im vierzehnten Jahrhundert [The Black Death in the Fourteenth Century] (Berlin, (Germany): Friedr. Aug. Herbig, 1832), page 3. Archived 29 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  21. ↑ See: Stephen d'Irsay (May 1926) "Notes to the origin of the expression: atra mors," Isis, 8 (2): 328–332.
  22. ↑ de Corbeil, Gilles (1907) [1200]. Valentin, Rose, ed. Egidii Corboliensis Viaticus: De signis et symptomatibus aegritudium. Bibliotheca scriptorum medii aevi Teubneriana (in ละติน). Harvard University.
  23. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition, s.v.
  24. ↑ Pontoppidan, Erich (1755). The Natural History of Norway: …. London, England: A. Linde. p. 24. From p. 24: "Norway, indeed, cannot be said to be entirely exempt from pestilential distempers, for the Black-death, known all over Europe by its terrible ravages, from the years 1348 to 50, was felt here as in other parts, and to the great diminution of the number of the inhabitants."
  25. ↑ J. M. Bennett and C. W. Hollister, Medieval Europe: A Short History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006), p. 326.
  26. ↑ John of Fordun's Scotichronicon ("there was a great pestilence and mortality of men") Horrox, Rosemary (1994). Black Death. ISBN 978-0-7190-3498-5. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 November 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  27. ↑ Ziegler 1998, p. 25.
  28. ↑
  29. ↑ Wade, Nicholas (31 October 2010). "Europe's Plagues Came From China, Study Finds". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 March 2020. The great waves of plague that twice devastated Europe and changed the course of history had their origins in China, a team of medical geneticists reported Sunday, as did a third plague outbreak that struck less harmfully in the 19th century. ... In the issue of Nature Genetics published online Sunday, they conclude that all three of the great waves of plague originated from China, where the root of their tree is situated. ... The likely origin of the plague in China has nothing to do with its people or crowded cities, Dr. Achtman said. The bacterium has no interest in people, whom it slaughters by accident. Its natural hosts are various species of rodent such as marmots and voles, which are found throughout China. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ Galina Eroshenko et al. (2017) “Yersinia Pestis Strains of Ancient Phylogenetic Branch 0.ANT Are Widely Spread in the High-Mountain Plague Foci of Kyrgyzstan,” PLoS ONE, XII (e0187230); discussed in Philip Slavin, "Death by the Lake: Mortality Crisis in Early Fourteenth-Century Central Asia", Journal of Interdisciplinary History 50/1 (Summer 2019): 59-90. https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/jinh_a_01376
  31. ↑ Zhang, Sarah, "An Ancient Case of the Plague Could Rewrite History Archived 13 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine.", The Atlantic, December 6, 2018
  32. ↑ "Modern lab reaches across the ages to resolve plague DNA debate". phys.org. May 20, 2013. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 March 2020. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  33. ↑ Maria Cheng (January 28, 2014). "Plague DNA found in ancient teeth shows medieval Black Death, 1,500-year pandemic caused by same disease". National Post. Archived from the original on 23 March 2015. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 March 2020. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  34. ↑ The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, p. 585.
  35. ↑ Kohn, George C. (2008). Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present. Infobase Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-8160-6935-4. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. สืบค้นเมื่อ 16 October 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  36. ↑ Sussman GD (2011). "Was the black death in India and China?". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 85 (3): 319–55. doi:10.1353/bhm.2011.0054. PMID 22080795. Archived from the original on 20 May 2012. สืบค้นเมื่อ 14 May 2012. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  37. ↑ Moore, Malcolm (1 November 2010). "Black Death may have originated in China". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2 April 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  38. ↑ Hecker 1859, p. 21 cited by Ziegler, p. 15.
  39. ↑ Wheelis M. Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002;8(9):971–75. doi:10.3201/eid0809.010536.
  40. ↑ Barras, Vincent; Greub, Gilbert (June 2014). "History of biological warfare and bioterrorism". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 20 (6): 498. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12706. PMID 24894605. In the Middle Ages, a famous although controversial example is offered by the siege of Caffa (now Feodossia in Ukraine/Crimea), a Genovese outpost on the Black Sea coast, by the Mongols. In 1346, the attacking army experienced an epidemic of bubonic plague. The Italian chronicler Gabriele de’ Mussi, in his Istoria de Morbo sive Mortalitate quae fuit Anno Domini 1348, describes quite plausibly how the plague was transmitted by the Mongols by throwing diseased cadavers with catapults into the besieged city, and how ships transporting Genovese soldiers, fleas and rats fleeing from there brought it to the Mediterranean ports. Given the highly complex epidemiology of plague, this interpretation of the Black Death (which might have killed >25 million people in the following years throughout Europe) as stemming from a specific and localized origin of the Black Death remains controversial. Similarly, it remains doubtful whether the effect of throwing infected cadavers could have been the sole cause of the outburst of an epidemic in the besieged city.
  41. ↑ "The Black Death". History – Channel 4. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 November 2008.
  42. ↑ Baten, Joerg; Koepke, Nikola (2005). "The Biological Standard of Living in Europe during the Last Two Millennia". European Review of Economic History. 9 (1): 61–95. doi:10.1017/S1361491604001388. hdl:10419/47594 – โดยทาง EBSCO.
  43. ↑
  44. ↑ Giovanni Boccaccio (1351). "Decameron".
  45. ↑ Ziegler 1998, pp. 18–19.
  46. ↑ D. Herlihy, The Black Death and the Transformation of the West (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1997), p. 29.

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