อ้างอิง ของ ช้าง

  1. ↑ Scientists map elephant evolution. BBC News. July 24, 2007.
  2. ↑ Roca, Alfred L.; Georgiadis, N; Pecon-Slattery, J; O'Brien, SJ (24 August 2001). "Genetic evidence for two species of elephant in Africa". Science. 293 (5534): 1473–7. doi:10.1126/science.1059936. PMID 11520983.
  3. ↑ African Elephant Specialist Group (2003). "Statement on the taxonomy of extant Loxodonta" (PDF). IUCN. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-04. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2006-12-08. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Eggert, Lori S.; Rasner, Caylor A.; Woodruff, David S. (2002-10-07). "The evolution and phylogeography of the African elephant inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence and nuclear microsatellite markers". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 269 (1504): 1993–2006. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2070. PMC 1691127. PMID 12396498. ISSN: 0962-8452 (Paper) 1471–2954 (Online).
  5. ↑ Rohland, Nadin (2010). "Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants". PLoS Biology. 8 (12). doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  6. ↑ CITES Appendix II Loxodonta africana – retrieved 4 September 2008
  7. ↑ Animal Diversity Web – Loxodonta africana – retrieved 4 September 2008
  8. ↑ Douglas-Hamilton, Iain (1979). The African Elephant Action Plan. unpublished report.
  9. ↑ Parker, Ian (1983). Ivory Crisis. Chatto and Windus, London. p. 184. ISBN 0701126337. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  10. ↑ Blanc, JJ (2007). African Elephant Status Report 2007: An update from the African Elephant Database (PDF). IUCN, Gland and Cambridge. p. 276. ISBN 978-2-8317-0970-3. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)[ลิงก์เสีย]
  11. 1 2 Blanc, JJ (January–June 2005). "Changes in elephant numbers in major savanna populations in eastern and southern Africa" (PDF). Pachyderm. IUCN/SSC African Elephant Specialist Group. 38 (38): 19–28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-04. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2006-12-08.
  12. ↑ Blanc et al. 2007, op. cit.
  13. ↑ Blanc, JJ (2003). African Elephant Status Report 2002: An update from the African Elephant Database (PDF). IUCN, Gland and Cambridge. p. 308. ISBN 2-8317-0707-2. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)[ลิงก์เสีย]
  14. ↑ Blake, Stephen (2005). "Central African Forests: Final Report on Population Surveys (2003–2005)" (PDF). CITES MIKE Programme, Nairobi. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2006-12-08.
  15. ↑ "South Africa to Allow Elephant Killing". News.nationalgeographic.com. 2010-10-28. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-12-12.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Asian Elephants. Elephant Facts.
  17. ↑ Sukumar, R. (2003). The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
  18. ↑ Asian Elephants. Elepahnt Zone.
  19. 1 2 3 Shoshani, J. (2006) Taxonomy, Classification, and Evolution of Elephants In: Fowler, M. E., Mikota, S. K. (eds.) Biology, medicine, and surgery of elephants. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0-8138-0676-3. Pp. 3–14
  20. 1 2 3 Elephant Trunks.
  21. ↑ West, John B. (2001). "Snorkel breathing in the elephant explains the unique anatomy of its pleura" (PDF). Respiratory Physiology. 126 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/S0034-5687 (01) 00203-1 Check |doi= value (help). PMID 11311306.
  22. ↑ West, John B.; Fu, Zhenxing; Gaeth, Ann P.; Short, Roger V. (2003-11-14). "Fetal lung development in the elephant reflects the adaptations required for snorkeling in adult life" (PDF). Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. 138 (2–3): 325–333. doi:10.1016/S1569-9048 (03) 00199-X Check |doi= value (help).
  23. 1 2 Elephant Tusk and Theeths
  24. 1 2 Ivory
  25. ↑ Scott, William Berryman (1913). "had%20fully%20developed%20lower%20tusks"&pg=PA430#v=onepage&q=Gomphotherium%20"had%20fully%20developed%20lower%20tusks" A history of land mammals in the western hemisphere. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. 430.
  26. ↑ "Elephant Anatomy". Indianapolis Zoo. Archived from the original on 2007-05-03. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-05-28.
  27. ↑ Moss:245
  28. ↑ Moss:245, 258, 267, 268
  29. 1 2 The skin of the elephants.
  30. ↑
  31. 1 2 ELEPHANTS
  32. ↑ The Skin.
  33. ↑ Elephant Ears, skin and legs. Elephant Facts.
  34. ↑ Moore, Tom (2007). "Biomechanics: A Spring in Its Step". Natural History. 116 (4): 28–9.
  35. 1 2 Morelle, Rebecca. (12 February 2010). "Do speedy elephants walk or run?" BBC News.
  36. ↑ Ren, L. & J.R. Hutchinson (2007). "The three-dimensional locomotor dynamics of African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) elephants reveal a smooth gait transition at moderate speed". J. Roy. Soc. Interface. 5 (19): 195–211. doi:10.1098/rsif.2007.1095. PMC 2705974. PMID 17594960.
  37. ↑ "Royal Veterinary College: Are fast moving elephants really running?". Rvc.ac.uk. 2008-12-23. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-12-12.
  38. ↑ Hutchinson, J.R; Famini, Dan; Lair, Richard; Kram, Rodger (2003). "Biomechanics: Are fast-moving elephants really running?". Nature. 422 (6931): 493–494. doi:10.1038/422493a. PMID 12673241. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  39. ↑ Elephant's sixth 'toe' discovered
  40. ↑ "Joyce Poole's publication ''Announcing intent: the aggressive state of musth in African elephants''". Elephantvoices.org. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-12-12.
  41. ↑ Elephant 'had aquatic ancestor'. BBC News. April 15, 2008.
  42. ↑ Bruce Bagemihl, Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity, St. Martin's Press, 1999; pp.427–430
  43. ↑ Braden, Claire. "Not so Dumbo: Elephant Intelligence". Archived from the original on 2007-06-07. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-05-27.
  44. ↑ "Elephants' jumbo mirror ability". BBC News. 2006-10-31. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-08-10.
  45. 1 2
  46. ↑
  47. ↑
  48. ↑ Hart, B.L. (2001). "Cognitive behaviour in Asian elephants: use and modification of branches for fly switching". Animal Behaviour. Academic Press. 62 (5): 839–847. doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1815. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-10-30. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  49. ↑
  50. ↑ "Elephant brain, Part I: Gross morphology, functions, comparative anatomy, and evolution" (PDF). Jeheskel Shoshani, William J. Kupsky b, Gary H. Marchant. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-11-09.
  51. ↑ Roth, Gerhard. "Is the human brain unique?". Mirror Neurons and the Evolution of Brain and Language. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 63–76. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  52. ↑ Joshua M. Plotnik, Frans B. M. de Waal, and Diana Reiss (2006) Self-recognition in an Asian elephant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (45) :17053–17057 10.1073/pnas.0608062103 abstract
  53. ↑ Magpies are no bird-brains, mirror test shows[ลิงก์เสีย]
  54. 1 2 Larom, D.; Garstang, M.; Payne, K.; Raspet, R.; Lindeque, M. (1997). "The influence of surface atmospheric conditions on the range and area reached by animal vocalizations" (PDF). Journal of experimental biology. 200 (3): 421–431. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2009-05-27.
  55. ↑ "Elephant Listening Project". สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-06-16.
  56. ↑ "In Africa, Decoding the "Language" of Elephants". News.nationalgeographic.com. 2010-10-28. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-12-12.
  57. ↑ ELEPHANTS
  58. ↑ "40 Winks?" Jennifer S. Holland, National Geographic Vol. 220, No. 1. July 2011.
  59. 1 2 Huggler, Justin (2006-10-12). "Animal Behaviour: Rogue Elephants". London: The Independent. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-06-16.
  60. ↑ An Elephant Crackup?
  61. ↑ Highfield, Roger (2006-02-17). "Elephant rage: they never forgive, either". Sydney Morning Herald. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-06-16.
  62. ↑ "Conservation & Elephant Hunting". IWMC World Conservation Trust - IWMC.org. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-12-12.
  63. ↑ Elephant[ลิงก์เสีย]. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. Archived 2009-10-31.
  64. ↑ "To Save An Elephant" by Allan Thornton & Dave Currey, Doubleday 1991 ISBN 0-385-40111-6
  65. ↑ "A System of Extinction - the African Elephant Disaster" Environmental Investigation Agency 1989
  66. ↑ Blanc, J.J., Barnes, R.F.W., Craig, G.C., Douglas-Hamilton, I., Dublin, H.T., Hart, H.T. & Thouless, C.R. 2005. Changes in elephant numbers in major savanna populations in eastern and southern Africa. Pachyderm 38, 19–28
  67. ↑ "WWF: Poaching May Erase Elephants From Chad Wildlife Park". 2008-12-24. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-12-24.
  68. ↑ African Elephants Slaughtered in Herds Near Chad Wildlife Park. National Geographic News.
  69. ↑ Marc Languy and Emmanuel de Merode (eds.) 2009 Virunga: The Survival of Africa's First National Park Lannoo, Tielt, Belgium. p.143
  70. ↑ The Learning Kingdom's Cool Fact of the Day for March 30, 1999, Why are elephants in Africa being born without tusks
  71. ↑ "Conservation GIS Projects". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-06-16.
  72. ↑ "History of Kruger Park: Kruger National Park: South Africa". Krugerpark.co.za. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-12-12.
  73. ↑ "Impact". Elephant.elehost.com. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-12-12.
  74. ↑ Clayton, Jonathan (2008-02-26). "Animal rights outrage over plan to cull South Africa's elephants". Times Online. London. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-03-22.
  75. ↑ "Police investigating four elephant deaths". Antara News.
  76. ↑ "Science Podcast transcript" (PDF) Science 12 December 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
  77. ↑ Georges Frei (2010-07-29). "The Elephants in Basel Zoo / the Zolli Switzerland". Upali.ch. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-12-12.
  78. ↑ "Resistance against capture and training of wild elephants". Amboseli Trust for Elephants. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-12-01. External link in |publisher= (help)
  79. ↑ "SaveWildElephants.com". PETA. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-06-16.
  80. ↑ "Ringling Brothers Circus - Factsheet" (PDF). PETA. April 22, 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-12-12.
  81. 1 2 Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2002). Science in popular culture: a reference guide. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 73. ISBN 0-313-31822-0.
  82. 1 2 3 4 5 Van Riper, op.cit., p. 74.
  83. ↑ Van Riper, op.cit., p. 75.
  84. ↑ "Motty the african and asian elephant crossbreed". Elephant.se. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-12-12.

แหล่งที่มา

WikiPedia: ช้าง http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2006/02/16/11400642... http://www.upali.ch/basler_en.html http://www.upali.ch/ivory_en.html http://www.upali.ch/skin_en.html http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/71260/police-inv... http://www.circuses.com/pdfs/ringlingfactsheet.pdf http://www.eleaid.com/index.php?page=elephanttrunk... http://elephant.elehost.com/About_Elephants/Anatom... http://elephant.elehost.com/About_Elephants/Impact... http://www.elephant-facts.com/elephant-ears-skin-a...