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  1. ↑ Events used to mark the period's beginning include the sack of Rome by the Goths (410), the deposition of the last western Roman Emperor (476), the Battle of Tolbiac (496) and the Gothic War (535–552). Particular events taken to mark its end include the founding of the Holy Roman Empire by Otto I the Great (962), the Great Schism (1054) and the Norman conquest of England (1066).
  2. ↑ Hopkins,Keith Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire (200 B.C.-A.D. 400)
  3. ↑ Berglund, B. E. (2003). "Human impact and climate changes—synchronous events and a causal link?" (PDF). Quaternary International. 105: 7–12. doi:10.1016/S1040-6182 (02) 00144-1 Check |doi= value (help).
  4. ↑ Heather, Peter, 1998, The Goths, pp. 51-93
  5. ↑ Gibbon, Edward, A History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1776.
  6. ↑ Excerpta Valesiana
  7. ↑ McEvedy 1992, op. cit.
  8. ↑ Berglund, ibid.
  9. ↑ Roman Empire Population
  10. ↑ Population crises and cycles in history
  11. ↑ Rome
  12. ↑ Hopkins DR (2002). The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in history. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-35168-8. Originally published as Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History (1983), ISBN 0-226-35177-7
  13. ↑ How Smallpox Changed the World, By Heather Whipps, LiveScience, June 23, 2008
  14. ↑ Scientists Identify Genes Critical to Transmission of Bubonic Plague.
  15. ↑ The History of the Bubonic Plague.
  16. ↑ An Empire's Epidemic.
  17. ↑ City populations from Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census (1987, Edwin Mellon Press) by Tertius Chandler
  18. ↑ Berglund, ibid.
  19. ↑ Cini Castagnoli, G.C., Bonino, G., Taricco, C. and Bernasconi, S.M. 2002. "Solar radiation variability in the last 1400 years recorded in the carbon isotope ratio of a Mediterranean sea core", Advances in Space Research 29: 1989-1994.
  20. ↑ "English and Welsh are races apart", BBC.
  21. ↑ The Maygars of Hungary
  22. ↑ No. 1318: Three-Field Rotation
  23. ↑ This surplus would allow the replacement of the ox by the horse after the introduction of the padded horse collar in the 12th century.
  24. ↑ Islam eventually penetrated into Eastern Europe in the 920s when Volga Bulgaria exploited the decline of Khazar power in the region to adopt Islam from the Baghdad missionaries. The state religion of Khazaria, Judaism, disappeared as a political force with the fall of Khazaria, while Islam of Volga Bulgaria has survived in the region up to the present.
  25. ↑ Exposition, Dedicated to Khan Tervel
  26. ↑ НИМ представя изложбата "Кан Тервел - спасителят на Европа"
  27. ↑ Bulgaria at Sleedh Look encyclopedia
  28. ↑ Кан Тервел - спасителят на Византия и ЕВРОПА
  29. ↑ Pierre Riché, Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century, (Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Pr., 1976), pp. 100-129).
  30. ↑ Pierre Riché, Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century, (Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Pr., 1976), pp. 307-323).
  31. ↑ William Stahl, Roman Science, (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Pr.) 1962, see esp. pp. 120-133.
  32. ↑ Linda E. Voigts, "Anglo-Saxon Plant Remedies and the Anglo-Saxons, " Isis, 70 (1979) :250-268; reprinted in M. H. Shank, ed., The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 2000).
  33. ↑ Stephen C. McCluskey, "Gregory of Tours, Monastic Timekeeping, and Early Christian Attitudes to Astronomy, " Isis, 81 (1990) :9-22; reprinted in M. H. Shank, ed., The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 2000).
  34. ↑ Stephen C. McCluskey, Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe, (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1998), pp. 149-57.
  35. ↑ Faith Wallis, "'Number Mystique' in Early Medieval Computus Texts, " pp. 179-99 in T. Koetsier and L. Bergmans, eds. Mathematics and the Divine: A Historical Study, (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005).
  36. ↑ "Science" (html). Encyclopædia Britannica. online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-07-13.
  37. ↑ Hogendijk, Jan P. (1998). "al-Khwarzimi". Pythagoras. 38 (2): 4–5. ISSN 0033–4766.
  38. ↑ Berggren 1986
  39. ↑ Struik 1987, p. 93
  40. ↑ Chandler, Tertius, Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census (1987, Edwin Mellon Press)
  41. ↑ Cantor, 1993 Europe in 1050 p 235.
  42. ↑ Chandler, Tertius, ibid.

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