↑ Wu was partially in control of power since approximately 660 and her power was even more paramount after January 665. Her Zhou dynasty was proclaimed on October 16, 690, and she proclaimed herself Empress Regnant on October 19, demoting her son Emperor Ruizong to the rank of crown prince with the unusual title of Huangsi (皇嗣).
↑ She lost power in the palace coup of February 20, 705, and on February 22, she was forced to return imperial authority to her son Li Xian, who was restored as Emperor Zhongzong on February 23. The Zhou dynasty was terminated with the restoration of the Tang dynasty on March 3.
↑ Zhou dynasty was abolished before her death, and she was reverted to the rank of empress consort on her death, so she did not have a temple name, as empresses consort, unlike ruling emperors, were not given temple names.
1 2 3 ปีประสูตินี้ ได้มาจากการเอาพระชนม์กับปีสวรรคตที่ระบุไว้ใน นวพงศาวดารถัง (New Book of Tang) ฉบับ ค.ศ. 1045–1060 มาบวกลบกัน ผลลัพธ์ดังกล่าวนี้เป็นที่ยอมรับของนักประวัติศาสตร์สมัยใหม่ แต่ถ้าคำนวณตามที่ระบุไว้ใน พงศาวดารถัง (Book of Tang) ฉบับ ค.ศ. 941-945 จะได้ปีประสูติเป็น ค.ศ. 623
1 2 See, e.g., Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 199Chu Suiliang's assertion that she had "served" (euphemism for sexual relations) Emperor Taizong when trying to stop Emperor Gaozong from creating her empress.
↑ The modern historian Bo Yang, based on the fact that Consort Wu's oldest son Li Hong was born in 652, fixed the date of this incident as 650, but 651 is also a possibility. See Bo Yang Edition of Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 47.
↑ Bo Yang, Outlines of the History of the Chinese (中國人史綱), vol. 2, p. 520.
↑ Throughout the Zizhi Tongjian descriptions of Wu Zetian's reign, Sima referred to her as "the Empress Dowager", implicitly refusing to recognize her as empress regnant, although he used her era names.
↑ The Zizhi Tongjian asserted that Li Chongrun was forced to commit suicide, but the Book of Tang and the New Book of Tang asserted in his biographies that he was caned to death on Wu Zetian's orders. Compare Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 207, with Book of Tang, vol. 86 and New Book of Tang, vol. 81. The Book of Tang, meanwhile, inconsistently asserted in the chronicles of Wu Zetian's reign that he was forced to commit suicide. See Book of Tang, vol. 6. The chronicles of Wu Zetian's reign in the New Book of Tang merely stated that the three of them "were killed." See New Book of Tang, vol. 4.
↑ However, some modern historians, based on the text on Li Xianhui's tombstone (written after Emperor Zhongzong was restored to the throne in 705), which suggested that she died the day after her brother and her husband and that she was pregnant at death, and the fact that the skeleton believed to be hers had a small pelvis, have proposed the theory that she was not ordered to commit suicide, but had, in grief over her brother's and husband's deaths, had either a miscarriage or a difficult birth and died from that. See, e.g., illustrations preceding the Bo Yang Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 49.
↑ 说 in this place is pronounced as Yue, not Shuo. See, e.g., Heming Yong, Jing Peng, Chinese lexicography: a history from 1046 BC to AD 1911.
↑ This was a reference to a story relayed in the Han Feizi. In the story, it was mentioned that the king of Qi gave a beautiful woman to King Huai of Chu as a gift, to be his concubine. King Huai's jealous wife Queen Zheng Xiu (鄭袖) told her, "The King loves you greatly, but dislikes your nose. If you cover your nose whenever you see him, you can ensure that he will continue to be loved by him. She accepted Queen Zheng's suggestion. When King Huai asked Queen Zheng, "Why does she cover her nose when she sees me?" Queen Zheng responded, "She often said that Your Majesty had a stench to you." King Huai, in anger, yelled, "Cut off her nose!"
↑ This is a reference to the torture that จักรพรรดิฮั่นเกาจู่'s wife จักรพรรดินีฮั่นเกา carried out against Emperor Gao's favorite concubine Consort Qi after Emperor Gao's death, once Empress Lü became empress dowager – by cutting her limbs off, blinding her, deafening her, and referring to her as the human pig (人彘).
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