อ้างอิง ของ อัมสเตอร์ดัม

  1. 1 2 3 "Kerncijfers voor Amsterdam en de stadsdelen". os.amsterdam.nl. Research and Statistics Service, City of Amsterdam. 1 January 2006. สืบค้นเมื่อ 4 April 2007.
  2. 1 2 "Area, population density, dwelling density and average dwelling occupation". os.amsterdam.nl. Research and Statistics Service, City of Amsterdam. 1 January 2006. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 August 2008.
  3. ↑ https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37230ned/table?ts=1578685738191
  4. ↑ "Bevolking op 1 januari en gemiddeld; geslacht, leeftijd en regio". CBS StatLine (in ดัตช์). สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 March 2019.
  5. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Vol 1, pp. 896–898.
  6. ↑ Cambridge.org, Capitals of Capital -A History of International Financial Centres – 1780–2005, Youssef Cassis, ISBN 978-0-521-84535-9
  7. ↑ After Athens in 1888 and Florence in 1986, Amsterdam was in 1986 chosen as the European Capital of Culture, confirming its eminent position in Europe and the Netherlands. See EC.europa.eu for an overview of the European cities and capitals of culture over the years. Archived 14 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  8. ↑ Forbes.com, Forbes Global 2000 Largest Companies – Dutch rankings.
  9. ↑ "The Next Global Tech Hotspot? Amsterdam Stakes Its Claim".
  10. ↑ "Amsterdam verwelkomde in 2014 ruim 5 miljoen buitenlandse toeristen – Amsterdam – PAROOL".
  11. ↑ "Amsterdam 200 jaar ouder dan aangenomen" (in Dutch). Nu.nl. 22 October 2008. Archived from the original on 25 October 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 October 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  12. ↑ "De geschiedenis van Amsterdam" (in Dutch). Municipality of Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 18 May 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 May 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  13. ↑ "Eighty Years' War" (in Dutch). Leiden University. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 May 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  14. ↑ Case in point: After his trial and sentencing in Rome in 1633, Galileo chose Lodewijk Elzevir in Amsterdam to publish one of his finest works, Two New Sciences. See Wade Rowland (2003), Galileo's Mistake, A new look at the epic confrontation between Galileo and the Church, New York: Arcade Publishing, ISBN 1-55970-684-8, p. 260.
  15. ↑ Amsterdam in the 17th century Archived 26 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine., The University of North Carolina at Pembroke
  16. ↑ E. Haverkamp-Bergmann, Rembrandt; The Night Watch (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1982), p. 57
  17. ↑ "The oldest share". Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 May 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ "Amsterdam through the ages -A medieval village becomes a global city". Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 May 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ "Amsterdam city archives". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. สืบค้นเมื่อ 4 October 2014. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ http://www.centraledorpenraad.nl/landelijk-noord/historie Archived 11 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. from website for the centrale dorpen raad (villages central council)
  21. ↑ "Deportation to camps". Hollandsche Schouwburg. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 May 2008.
  22. ↑ "Kou en strijd in een barre winter" (in Dutch). NOS. Archived from the original on 23 January 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 May 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  23. ↑ "Stadsdeel Slotervaart – Geschiedenis" (in Dutch). Municipality Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 3 May 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 May 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  24. ↑ "Stadsherstel Missie/Historie" (in Dutch). สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 May 2008.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  25. ↑ "Typisch Metrostad" (in Dutch). Municipality Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 10 June 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 May 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  26. ↑ "Grachtengordel Amsterdam Werelderfgoed" (in Dutch). Gemeente Amsterdam. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 August 2015.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  27. ↑ "Amsterdam als koelkastmagneetje" [Amsterdam as a fridge magnet]. De Groene Amsterdammer. 27 July 2016.
  28. ↑ "Plan Openbare Ruimte Frederik Hendrikbuurt" (PDF) (in Dutch). สืบค้นเมื่อ 26 September 2016.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  29. ↑ "Structural Vision Amsterdam 2040" (in Dutch). สืบค้นเมื่อ 26 September 2016.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  30. ↑ "Kerncijfers Amsterdam 2007" (PDF) (in Dutch). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 18 May 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  31. ↑ "Openbare ruimte en groen: Inleiding" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 24 June 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 18 May 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  32. ↑ "Adventure". 16 June 2008. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. สืบค้นเมื่อ 17 June 2014. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  33. ↑ "Amsterdam, Netherlands Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2 July 2019.
  34. ↑ "Stationsdata station Schiphol 1981–2010" (PDF). Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. สืบค้นเมื่อ 10 September 2013.
  35. ↑ Bairoch, Paul (18 June 1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present (in อังกฤษ). University of Chicago Press. p. 140. ISBN 9780226034669.
  36. ↑ Bogucka, M. (1983), Wieringa, W. J., ed., The Interactions of Amsterdam and Antwerp with the Baltic region, 1400–1800. The Baltic and Amsterdam in the First Half of the 17th Century, Werken (in อังกฤษ), Springer Netherlands, pp. 51–57, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-5952-6_7, ISBN 9789401759526
  37. ↑ Henk van Nierop, "Amsterdam", Oxford Bibliographies Online. 28 March 2018. DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780195399301-0106; and Jessica Dijkman, Shaping Medieval Markets: The Organisation of Commodity Markets in Holland, c.1200 - c. 1450 (Leiden: Brill, 2011). ISBN 9789004201484
  38. ↑ Paping, Richard (September 2014). "General Dutch population development 1400–1850" (PDF). University of Groningen. p. 12แม่แบบ:En dash13.
  39. ↑ Liedtke, Walter A.; Vermeer, Johannes; Plomp, Michiel; Rüger, Axel (2001). Vermeer and the Delft School (in อังกฤษ). Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 197. ISBN 9780870999734.
  40. ↑ Schmidt, Freek (28 July 2017). Passion and Control: Dutch Architectural Culture of the Eighteenth Century (in อังกฤษ). Routledge. ISBN 9781134797042.
  41. ↑ Hood, Clifton (8 November 2016). In Pursuit of Privilege: A History of New York City's Upper Class and the Making of a Metropolis (in อังกฤษ). Columbia University Press. p. 14. ISBN 9780231542951.
  42. ↑ Engeli, Christian; Matzerath, Horst (1989). Modern urban history research in Europe, USA, and Japan: a handbook (in อังกฤษ). Berg. ISBN 9780854960408.
  43. ↑ Van Leeuwen & Oeppen 1993, p. 87
  44. ↑ Mulder, Eduardo F. J. De; Pater, Ben C. De; Fortuijn, Joos C. Droogleever (28 July 2018). The Netherlands and the Dutch: A Physical and Human Geography (in อังกฤษ). Springer. p. 152. ISBN 9783319750736.
  45. 1 2 Tzaninis, Yannis; Boterman, Willem (2 January 2018). "Beyond the urban–suburban dichotomy". City. 22 (1): 43–62. doi:10.1080/13604813.2018.1432143. ISSN 1360-4813.
  46. ↑ van der Wouden, Ries (2016). "The Spatial Transformation of the Netherlands 1988[[:แม่แบบ:Em dash]]2015". The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL). 6. Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 February 2019. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  47. ↑ Musterd, Sako; Ostendorf, Wim (3 April 2008). "Integrated urban renewal in The Netherlands: a critical appraisal" (PDF). Urban Research & Practice. 1 (1): 78–92. doi:10.1080/17535060701795389. ISSN 1753-5069.
  48. ↑ van Gent, W.P.C. (2008). "The context of neighbourhood regeneration in Western Europe. A comparative study of nine neighbourhoods undergoing physical and social economic regeneration" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. p. 148.
  49. ↑ "Gentrification in Amsterdam: Assessing the Importance of Context". Population Space and Place (in อังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 February 2019.
  50. ↑ Tzaninis, Yannis; Boterman, Willem (2 January 2018). "Beyond the urban–suburban dichotomy". City. 22 (1): 43–62. doi:10.1080/13604813.2018.1432143. ISSN 1360-4813.
  51. ↑ "Amsterdam's population poised to beat 60-year-old record". DutchNews.nl (in อังกฤษ). 21 February 2019. สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 February 2019.
  52. ↑ "The Netherlands". Holocaust Encyclopedia (in อังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 24 January 2019.
  53. ↑ "Half of young big-city dwellers have non-western background". Cbs.nl. สืบค้นเมื่อ 10 October 2010.
  54. ↑ "Bevolking naar herkomstgroepering, 1 January 2001–2006" (in Dutch). Dienst Onderzoek en Statistiek (Research and Statistics Service). Archived from the original on 7 August 2009. สืบค้นเมื่อ 19 April 2007. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  55. ↑ "Most foreign babies born in big cities". Cbs.nl. 26 April 2004. สืบค้นเมื่อ 10 October 2010.
  56. ↑ Terpstra, Jendra (28 March 2017). "Wit is de 'nieuwe minderheid' in grote steden". Trouw.nl (in Dutch). สืบค้นเมื่อ 30 June 2018.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  57. ↑ "Statistics on a map" (in Dutch).CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  58. ↑ "Statistics by Neighborhood" (in Dutch).CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  59. ↑ Onderzoek, Informatie en Statistiek, Gemeente Amsterdam
  60. ↑ Quest, issue of March 2009
  61. ↑ "Amsterdamse Grachten" (in Dutch). Municipality Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 20 March 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 May 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  62. ↑ "SHVriendenwandeling2017web1.pdf" (PDF). stadsherstel. สืบค้นเมื่อ 9 April 2018.
  63. ↑ Taverne, E. R. M. (1978). In 't land van belofte, in de nieuwe stadt: ideaal en werkelijkheid van de stadsuitleg in de Republiek, 1580–1680 (In the land of promise, in the kinky city: ideal and reality of the city lay-out in the [Dutch] Republic, 1580–1680). Maarssen: Schwartz. ISBN 978-90-6179-024-2.
  64. ↑ "Dempingen en Aanplempingen" (in Dutch). Walther Schoonenberg. Archived from the original on 18 May 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 May 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  65. ↑ "Samuel Sarphati" (in Dutch). Joods Historisch Museum Amsterdam. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 June 2008.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  66. ↑ "Uitbreidingsplan Sarphati" (in Dutch). Zorggroep Amsterdam. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 June 2008.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) [ลิงก์เสีย]แม่แบบ:Cbignore
  67. ↑ "Samuel Sarphati" (in Dutch). JLG Real Estate. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 June 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  68. ↑ "Amsterdam Oud-Zuid" (in Dutch). BMZ. Archived from the original on 13 January 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 June 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  69. ↑ "Houten Huys" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. สืบค้นเมื่อ 19 May 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  70. ↑ "Amsterdamse renaissance in de stijl van Hendrick de Keyser" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 27 November 2007. สืบค้นเมื่อ 19 May 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  71. ↑ "Hollands Classicisme" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 May 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  72. ↑ "Neo-stijlen" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 19 August 2007. สืบค้นเมื่อ 19 May 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  73. ↑ Amsterdamse Bos – English site Archived 19 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. City of Amsterdam. Retrieved on 27 November 2008.
  74. ↑ "Amsterdam – Economische Zaken" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 8 June 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 May 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  75. ↑ "European Cities Monitor 2007" (in Dutch). I Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 8 January 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 11 June 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  76. ↑ "Zuidas" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 May 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  77. ↑ "Rembrandt Tower". สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 May 2008.
  78. ↑ "Philips" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 May 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  79. ↑ Sex and Society. Marshall Cavendish. 2010. pp. 705–. ISBN 978-0-7614-7908-6.
  80. ↑ "Key Figures Amsterdam 2009: Tourism". City of Amsterdam Department for Research and Statistics. 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. สืบค้นเมื่อ 30 September 2009. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  81. ↑ "Dutch Hotel City Index 2019" (PDF). June 2019. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  82. ↑ Fedorova, T; Meijer, R (January 2007). "Toerisme in Amsterdam 2006/2007" (PDF) (in Dutch). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 May 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  83. ↑ Fedorova, T; Meijer, R (January 2007). "Toerisme in Amsterdam 2006/2007" (PDF) (in Dutch). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 May 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)

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