อ้างอิง ของ เพนกวินจักรพรรดิ

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2004). Aptenodytes forsteri. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
  2. ↑ Williams, (The Penguins) p. 13
  3. ↑ Jouventin P (1982). "Visual and vocal signals in penguins, their evolution and adaptive characters". Adv. Ethol. 24: 1–149.
  4. ↑ Baker AJ, Pereira SL, Haddrath OP, Edge KA (2006). "Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling". Proc Biol Sci. 273 (1582): 11–17. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3260. PMID 16519228. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-03-21.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. "Aptenodytes forsteri". สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-01-01.
  6. ↑ "Emperor Penguin, Aptenodytes forsteri at MarineBio.org". Marinebio.org. MarchineBio Advertising. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-11-03. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. 1 2 Williams (The Penguins) p. 3
  8. 1 2 Owen J (2004-01-30). ""Penguin Ranch" Reveals Hunting, Swimming Secrets". National Geographic website. National Geographic. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-03-26.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Williams (The Penguins) p. 152
  10. ↑ CDNN (2001-09-08). "Scientists find rare all-white emperor penguin". CDNN. Cyber Diver News Network. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-03-29.
  11. 1 2 Williams (The Penguins) p. 159
  12. ↑ Williams (The Penguins) p. 45
  13. 1 2 Mougin J-L, van Beveren M (1979). "Structure et dynamique de la population de manchots empereur Aptenodytes forsteri de la colonie de l'archipel de Pointe Géologie, Terre Adélie". Compte Rendus Académie de Science de Paris. 289D: 157–60. (ฝรั่งเศส)
  14. ↑ Williams (The Penguins) p. 47
  15. 1 2 Williams (The Penguins) p. 68
  16. ↑ Robisson P. (1992). "Vocalizations in Aptenodytes Penguins: Application of the Two-voice Theory" (PDF) The Auk 109 (3) : 654–658
  17. ↑ Williams (The Penguins) p. 107
  18. ↑ Williams (The Penguins) p. 108
  19. ↑ C. Michael Hogan (2008) Magellanic Penguin, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
  20. 1 2 Hile J (2004-03-29). "Emperor Penguins: Uniquely Armed for Antarctica". National Geographic website. National Geographic. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-03-31.
  21. ↑ Williams (The Penguins) pp. 107–08
  22. 1 2 3 Kooyman GL, Gentry RL, Bergman WP, Hammel HT (1976). "Heat loss in penguins during immersion and compression". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 54A: 75–80.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ↑ Williams (The Penguins) p. 109
  24. ↑ Williams (The Penguins) p. 110
  25. ↑ Williams (The Penguins) p. 111
  26. ↑ Norris S (2007-12-07). "Penguins Safely Lower Oxygen to "Blackout" Levels". National Geographic website. National Geographic. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-03-26.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Marchant, S (1990). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds, Vol. 1A. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  28. ↑ Harper PC, Knox GA, Wilson GJ, Young EC (1984). "The status and conservation of birds in the Ross Sea sector of Antarctica". In Croxall JP, Evans PGH, Schreiber RW. Status and Conservation of the World's Seabirds. Cambridge: ICBP. pp. 593–608.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ↑ Stonehouse, B (1953). "The Emperor Penguin Aptenodytes forsteri Gray I. Breeding behaviour and development". Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Scientific Report. 6: 1–33.
  30. ↑ Robertson, G (1992). "Population size and breeding success of Emperor Penguins Aptenodytes forsteri at Auster and Taylor Glacier colonies, Mawson Coast, Antarctica". Emu. 92: 65–71.
  31. ↑ Downes MC, Ealey EHM, Gwynn AM, Young PS (1959). "The Birds of Heard Island". Australian National Antarctic Research Report. Series B1: 1–35.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ↑ Croxall JP, Prince PA (1983). "Antarctic Penguins and Albatrosses". Oceanus. 26: 18–27.
  33. ↑ Burger J. & Gochfeld M. (2007) "Responses of เพนกวินจักรพรรดิs (Aptenodytes forsteri) to encounters with ecotourists while commuting to and from their breeding colony". Polar Biology 30 (10) : 1303–1313 doi:10.1007/s00300-007-0291-1
  34. ↑ Giese M, Riddle M (1997). (abstract) "Disturbance of emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri chicks by helicopters" Check |url= value (help). Polar Biology. 22 (6): 366–71. doi:10.1007/s003000050430. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-03-22.
  35. ↑ Barbraud, C. (2001). "Emperor penguins and climate change". Nature. 411 (6834): 183–186. doi:10.1038/35075554. PMID 11346792. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  36. ↑ Dunham, Will. "Melting Sea Ice May Doom Emperor Penguins, Study Finds." The Washington Post, January 26, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-01-26.
  37. ↑ Penguin poo viewed from space reveals new Antarctic colony locations, The Guardian, June 2, 2009
  38. 1 2 Kooyman GL, Drabek CM, Elsner R, Campbell WB (1971). "Diving behaviour of the Emperor Penguin Aptenodytes forsteri". Auk. 88: 775–95.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  39. ↑ Williams (The Penguins) p. 89
  40. 1 2 Ancel A, Kooyman GL, Ponganis PJ, Gendner JP, Lignon J, Mestre X (1992). "Foraging behaviour of Emperor Penguins as a resource detector in Winter and Summer". Nature. 360: 336–39. doi:10.1038/360336a0.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. 1 2 Williams (The Penguins) p. 156
  42. ↑ Lovvorn, J. R. (2001). "Upstroke thrust, drag effects, and stroke-glide cycles in wing-propelled swimming by birds". American Zoologist. 41: 154–165. doi:10.1668/0003-1569 (2001) 041[0154:UTDEAS]2.0.CO;2 Check |doi= value (help).
  43. ↑ Kooyman GL, Ponganis PJ, Castellini MA, Ponganis EP, Ponganis KV, Thorson PH, Eckert SA, LeMaho Y (1992). (abstract) "Heart rates and swim speeds of emperor penguins diving under sea ice" Check |url= value (help). Journal of Experimental Biology. 165 (1): 1161–80. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-03-30.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. ↑ จุดประกาย 7 WILD, 19 ความน่ารักของเพนกวิน. กรุงเทพธุรกิจปีที่ 29 ฉบับที่ 10421: วันอังคารที่ 4 เมษายน พ.ศ. 2560
  45. ↑ Pinshow B., Fedak M.A. , Battles D.R, & Schmidt-Nielsen K. (1976) "Energy expenditure for thermoregulation and locomotion in emperor penguins" American Journal of Physiology 231 (3) : 903–12
  46. ↑ Cherel Y, Kooyman GL. (1998) "Food of emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) in the western Ross Sea, Antarctica" Marine Biology 130 (3) : 335–44 doi:10.1007/s002270050253
  47. ↑ Ponganis PJ, Van Dam RP, Marshall G, Knower T, Levenson DH (2003). (abstract) "Sub-ice foraging behavior of emperor penguins" Check |url= value (help). Journal of Experimental Biology. 203 (21): 3275–78. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-03-21.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ↑ Williams (The Penguins) p. 40
  49. ↑ Prévost, J (1961). Ecologie du manchot empereur. Paris: Hermann.
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 Williams (The Penguins) p. 158
  51. ↑ Groscolas, R (1986). "The endocrine control of reproduction and molt in male and female Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri) and Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) Penguins. I. Annual changes in plasma levels of gonadal steroids and luteinizing hormone". Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 62: 43–53. doi:10.1016/0016-6480 (86) 90092-4 Check |doi= value (help).
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Williams (The Penguins) p. 157
  53. ↑ Williams (The Penguins) p. 55
  54. ↑ Williams (The Penguins) p. 23
  55. ↑ Williams (The Penguins) p. 24
  56. ↑ Williams (The Penguins) p. 27
  57. ↑ Robin, J. P. (1988). "Protein and lipid utilization during long-term fasting in emperor penguins". Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 254: R61–R68. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  58. ↑ Le Maho, Y. (1976). "Thermoregulation in fasting emperor penguins under natural conditions". Am. J. Physiol. 231: 913–922. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  59. 1 2 3 Williams (The Penguins) p. 28
  60. ↑ Prévost J, Vilter V (1963). "Histologie de la sécrétion oesophagienne du Manchot empereur". Proceedings of the XIII International Ornithological Conference: 1085–94. (ฝรั่งเศส)
  61. ↑ Williams (The Penguins) p. 30
  62. ↑ "Moulting starvation in emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri)". Polar Biology. 11: 253–58. 1991.
  63. ↑ Cherry-Garrard, A (1922). "introduction". The Worst Journey in the World. Carroll & Graf. pp. xvii.
  64. ↑ "La Marche de l'empereur, un film de Luc Jacquet". Official Site. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-03-19. (ฝรั่งเศส)
  65. ↑ "The Big Freeze". Presenter – David Attenborough. Life in the Freezer. BBC. 1993. No. 5, season 1.
  66. ↑ "Ice Worlds". Presenter – David Attenborough. Planet Earth. BBC. 2006. No. 6, season 1.
  67. ↑ Lovgren S (2006-11-16). ""Happy Feet": Movie Magic vs. Penguin Truths". National Geographic website. National Geographic. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-03-26.
  68. ↑ Lovgren S (2007). "Behind the Scenes of the New Movie "Surf's Up"". National Geographic website. National Geographic. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-03-26.
  69. ↑ Scharning K (2008). "Penguins Spheniscidae". Theme Birds on Stamps. self. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-03-29.
  70. ↑ Scharning K (2008). "Bird stamps from Belgium". Theme Birds on Stamps. self. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-03-29.

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