อ้างอิง ของ การเข้าเมืองกับอาชญากรรม

  1. ↑ Buonanno, Paolo; Drago, Francesco; Galbiati, Roberto; Zanella, Giulio (2011-07-01). "Crime in Europe and the United States: dissecting the 'reversal of misfortunes'". Economic Policy. 26 (67): 347–385. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0327.2011.00267.x. ISSN 0266-4658.
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  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Papadopoulos, Georgios (2014-07-02). "Immigration status and property crime: an application of estimators for underreported outcomes". IZA Journal of Migration. 3 (1): 12. doi:10.1186/2193-9039-3-12. ISSN 2193-9039.
  4. ↑ Bianchi, Milo; Buonanno, Paolo; Pinotti, Paolo (2012-12-01). "Do Immigrants Cause Crime?". Journal of the European Economic Association (in อังกฤษ). 10 (6): 1318–1347. doi:10.1111/j.1542-4774.2012.01085.x. ISSN 1542-4774.
  5. 1 2 3 Nunziata, Luca (2015-03-04). "Immigration and crime: evidence from victimization data". Journal of Population Economics. 28 (3): 697–736. doi:10.1007/s00148-015-0543-2. ISSN 0933-1433.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Jaitman, Laura; Machin, Stephen (2013-10-25). "Crime and immigration: new evidence from England and Wales". IZA Journal of Migration. 2 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1186/2193-9039-2-19. ISSN 2193-9039.
  7. 1 2 3 Bell, Brian; Fasani, Francesco; Machin, Stephen (2012-10-10). "Crime and Immigration: Evidence from Large Immigrant Waves". Review of Economics and Statistics. 95 (4): 1278–1290. doi:10.1162/REST_a_00337. ISSN 0034-6535.
  8. 1 2 Bell, Brian; Machin, Stephen (2013-02-01). "Immigrant Enclaves and Crime*". Journal of Regional Science. 53 (1): 118–141. doi:10.1111/jors.12003. ISSN 1467-9787.
  9. 1 2 Wadsworth, Tim (2010-06-01). "Is Immigration Responsible for the Crime Drop? An Assessment of the Influence of Immigration on Changes in Violent Crime Between 1990 and 2000*". Social Science Quarterly. 91 (2): 531–553. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00706.x. ISSN 1540-6237.
  10. 1 2 Piopiunik, Marc; Ruhose, Jens (2015-04-06). "Immigration, Regional Conditions, and Crime: Evidence from an Allocation Policy in Germany". Rochester, NY. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ↑ Lee, Matthew T.; Martinez Jr., Ramiro (2009). "Immigration reduces crime: an emerging scholarly consensus". Immigration, Crime and Justice. Emerald Group Publishing. pp. 3–16.
  12. ↑ "Understanding the Role of Immigrants' Legal Status: Evidence from Policy Experiments". www.iza.org. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-01-29.
  13. ↑ Mastrobuoni, Giovanni; Pinotti, Paolo (2015). "Legal Status and the Criminal Activity of Immigrants". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. 7 (2): 175–206. doi:10.1257/app.20140039.
  14. 1 2 Baker, Scott R. "Effects of Immigrant Legalization on Crime †". American Economic Review. 105 (5): 210–213. doi:10.1257/aer.p20151041.
  15. ↑ Pinotti, Paolo (2014-10-01). "Clicking on Heaven's Door: The Effect of Immigrant Legalization on Crime". Rochester, NY. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ↑ Fasani, Francesco (2014-01-01). "Understanding the Role of Immigrants' Legal Status: Evidence from Policy Experiments". Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration (CReAM), Department of Economics, University College London. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  17. ↑ "Refugees and Economic Migrants: Facts, policies and challenges". VoxEU.org. 2016-10-31. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-12-02.
  18. ↑ Freedman, Matthew. "Immigration, Opportunities, and Criminal Behavior". works.bepress.com. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-01-29.
  19. 1 2 3 "Indvandrere i Danmark 2015". Statistics Denmark. 2015.
  20. ↑ Damm, Anna Piil; Dustmann, Christian. "Does Growing Up in a High Crime Neighborhood Affect Youth Criminal Behavior? †". American Economic Review. 104 (6): 1806–1832. doi:10.1257/aer.104.6.1806.
  21. 1 2 3 "Diskriminering i rättsprocessen - Brå". www.bra.se (in สวีเดน). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-01-26.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Hällsten, Martin; Szulkin, Ryszard; Sarnecki, Jerzy (2013-05-01). "Crime as a Price of Inequality? The Gap in Registered Crime between Childhood Immigrants, Children of Immigrants and Children of Native Swedes". British Journal of Criminology. 53 (3): 456–481. doi:10.1093/bjc/azt005. ISSN 0007-0955.
  23. ↑ Warren, Patricia Y.; Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald (2009-05-01). "Racial profiling and searches: Did the politics of racial profiling change police behavior?*". Criminology & Public Policy (in อังกฤษ). 8 (2): 343–369. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00556.x. ISSN 1745-9133.
  24. ↑ Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2008/09, p. 8., 22
  25. 1 2 Crocitti, Stefania. Immigration, Crime, and Criminalization in Italy - Oxford Handbooks. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859016.013.029.
  26. ↑ West, Jeremy. "Racial Bias in Police Investigations" (PDF).
  27. 1 2 3 Colombo, Asher (2013-11-01). "Foreigners and immigrants in Italy's penal and administrative detention systems". European Journal of Criminology (in อังกฤษ). 10 (6): 746–759. doi:10.1177/1477370813495128. ISSN 1477-3708.
  28. ↑ Parmar, Alpa. Ethnicities, Racism, and Crime in England and Wales - Oxford Handbooks. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859016.013.014.
  29. ↑ Donohue III, John J.; Levitt, Steven D. (2001-01-01). "The Impact of Race on Policing and Arrests". The Journal of Law & Economics. 44 (2): 367–394. doi:10.1086/322810. JSTOR 10.1086/322810.
  30. ↑ Abrams, David S.; Bertrand, Marianne; Mullainathan, Sendhil (2012-06-01). "Do Judges Vary in Their Treatment of Race?". The Journal of Legal Studies. 41 (2): 347–383. doi:10.1086/666006. ISSN 0047-2530.
  31. ↑ Mustard, David B. (2001-04-01). "Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in Sentencing: Evidence from the U.S. Federal Courts". The Journal of Law and Economics. 44 (1): 285–314. doi:10.1086/320276. ISSN 0022-2186.
  32. ↑ Anwar, Shamena; Bayer, Patrick; Hjalmarsson, Randi (2012-05-01). "The Impact of Jury Race in Criminal Trials". The Quarterly Journal of Economics (in อังกฤษ). 127 (2): 1017–1055. doi:10.1093/qje/qjs014. ISSN 0033-5533.
  33. ↑ Daudistel, Howard C.; Hosch, Harmon M.; Holmes, Malcolm D.; Graves, Joseph B. (1999-02-01). "Effects of Defendant Ethnicity on Juries' Dispositions of Felony Cases1". Journal of Applied Social Psychology (in อังกฤษ). 29 (2): 317–336. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01389.x. ISSN 1559-1816.
  34. ↑ Holmberg, Lars; Kyvsgaard, Britta. "Are Immigrants and Their Descendants Discriminated against in the Danish Criminal Justice System?". Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention. 4 (2): 125–142. doi:10.1080/14043850310020027.
  35. ↑ Roché, Sebastian; Gordon, Mirta B.; Depuiset, Marie-Aude. Case Study - Oxford Handbooks. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859016.013.030.
  36. ↑ Depew, Briggs; Eren, Ozkan; Mocan, Naci (2016-02-01). "Judges, Juveniles and In-group Bias". National Bureau of Economic Research. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  37. ↑ Light, Michael T. (2016-03-01). "The Punishment Consequences of Lacking National Membership in Germany, 1998–2010". Social Forces (in อังกฤษ). 94 (3): 1385–1408. doi:10.1093/sf/sov084. ISSN 0037-7732.
  38. ↑ Wermink, Hilde; Johnson, Brian D.; Nieuwbeerta, Paul; Keijser, Jan W. de (2015-11-01). "Expanding the scope of sentencing research: Determinants of juvenile and adult punishment in the Netherlands". European Journal of Criminology (in อังกฤษ). 12 (6): 739–768. doi:10.1177/1477370815597253. ISSN 1477-3708.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 Banks, James (2011-05-01). "Foreign National Prisoners in the UK: Explanations and Implications". The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice. 50 (2): 184–198. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2311.2010.00655.x. ISSN 1468-2311.
  40. ↑ "Immigration policy and crime" (PDF). 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-02. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)
  41. ↑ Dahlbäck, Olof (2009). "Diskrimineras invandrarna i anmälningar av brott?" (PDF).
  42. ↑ "Crimes of Mobility: Criminal Law and the Regulation of Immigration (Hardback) - Routledge". Routledge.com. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-03-04.
  43. ↑ Bosworth, Mary (2011-05-01). "Deportation, Detention and Foreign National Prisoners in England and Wales". Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1852191. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  44. ↑ "Drug-facilitated, Incapacitated, and Forcible Rape: A National Study" (PDF).
  45. 1 2 Bove, Vincenzo; Böhmelt, Tobias (2016-02-11). "Does Immigration Induce Terrorism?". The Journal of Politics: 000–000. doi:10.1086/684679. ISSN 0022-3816.
  46. ↑ Mohdin, Aamna. "What effect did the record influx of refugees have on jobs and crime in Germany? Not much". Quartz (in อังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2017-02-03.
  47. ↑ Gehrsitz, Markus; Ungerer, Martin (2017-01-01). "Jobs, Crime, and Votes: A Short-Run Evaluation of the Refugee Crisis in Germany". Rochester, NY. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  48. 1 2 (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. "Report: refugees have not increased crime rate in Germany | News | DW.COM | 13.11.2015". DW.COM. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-01-26.
  49. ↑ 13.11.15 Straftaten "im sehr niedrigen sechsstelligen Bereich", Die Welt, http://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article148812603/Straftaten-im-sehr-niedrigen-sechsstelligen-Bereich.html
  50. 1 2 (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. "Report: Refugee-related crimes in Germany increase less than influx of asylum seekers | NRS-Import | DW.COM | 17.02.2016". DW.COM. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-04-28.
  51. 1 2 "Donald Trump says Germany now riddled with crime thanks to refugees". @politifact. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-05-12.
  52. 1 2 Piopiunik, Marc; Ruhose, Jens. "Immigration, regional conditions, and crime: evidence from an allocation policy in Germany". European Economic Review. doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.12.004.
  53. ↑ "Identifying the Roots of Immigrant Crime". DW.COM.
  54. ↑ Prof. Dr. Frieder Dünkel, University of Greifswald,. "Migration and ethnic minorities in Germany: impacts on youth crime, juvenile justice and youth imprisonment" (PDF).CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  55. 1 2 3 "Brottslighet bland personer födda i Sverige och i utlandet - Brå". www.bra.se (in สวีเดน). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-01-26.
  56. ↑ "Immigrants behind 25% of Swedish crime". thelocal.se.
  57. ↑ Regeringskansliet, Regeringen och (2006-03-16). "Är rättvisan rättvis? Tio perspektiv på diskriminering av etniska och religiösa minoriteter inom rättssystemet". Regeringskansliet (in สวีเดน). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-01-26.
  58. 1 2 "Brottslighet bland personer födda i Sverige och i utlandet - Brå". www.bra.se (in สวีเดน). p. 10. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-01-26.
  59. ↑ http://www.pdf-archive.com/2011/05/08/br-1996-2-invandrares-och-invandrares-barns-brottslighet-1/br-1996-2-invandrares-och-invandrares-barns-brottslighet-1.pdf
  60. 1 2 Kardell, Johan; Martens, Peter L. (2013-07-01). "Are Children of Immigrants Born in Sweden More Law-Abiding Than Immigrants? A Reconsideration". Race and Justice. 3 (3): 167–189. doi:10.1177/2153368713486488. ISSN 2153-3687.
  61. 1 2 "Prison Population Statistics from the UK Parliament" (PDF).
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  63. ↑ Stansfield, Richard (2014-07-15). "Reevaluating the Effect of Recent Immigration on Crime Estimating the Impact of Change in Discrete Migration Flows to the United Kingdom Following EU Accession". Crime & Delinquency: 0011128714542500. doi:10.1177/0011128714542500. ISSN 0011-1287.
  64. ↑ Harper, Tom; Leapman, Ben. "Foreigners 'commit fifth of crime in London'". The Daily Telegraph. 23 September 2007. Accessed 21 September 2011.
  65. ↑ Johnston, Phillip. "Immigration and crime: the real results". The Daily Telegraph. 16 April 2008. Accessed 21 September 2011.
  66. ↑ Graif, Corina; Sampson, Robert J. (2009-07-15). "Spatial Heterogeneity in the Effects of Immigration and Diversity on Neighborhood Homicide Rates". Homicide studies. 13 (3): 242–260. doi:10.1177/1088767909336728. ISSN 1088-7679. PMC 2911240. PMID 20671811.
  67. ↑ Lee, Matthew T.; Martinez, Ramiro; Rosenfeld, Richard (2001-09-01). "Does Immigration Increase Homicide?". Sociological Quarterly (in อังกฤษ). 42 (4): 559–580. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2001.tb01780.x. ISSN 1533-8525.
  68. ↑ Ousey, Graham C.; Kubrin, Charis E. (15 October 2013). "Immigration and the Changing Nature of Homicide in US Cities, 1980–2010". Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 30 (3): 453–483. doi:10.1007/s10940-013-9210-5.
  69. ↑ Martinez, Ramiro; Lee, Matthew T.; Nielsen, Amie L. (2004-03-01). "Segmented Assimilation, Local Context and Determinants of Drug Violence in Miami and San Diego: Does Ethnicity and Immigration Matter?1". International Migration Review (in อังกฤษ). 38 (1): 131–157. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00191.x. ISSN 1747-7379.
  70. ↑ Kristin F. Butcher & Anne Morrison Piehl (Summer 1998). 1520-6688 (199822) 17:3%3C457::AID-PAM4%3E3.0.CO;2-F/abstract "Cross-city evidence on the relationship between immigration and crime" Check |url= value (help). Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. 17 (3).CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  71. ↑ Butcher, Kristin F.; Piehl, Anne Morrison (2007-07-01). "Why are Immigrants' Incarceration Rates so Low? Evidence on Selective Immigration, Deterrence, and Deportation". National Bureau of Economic Research. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  72. ↑ Butcher, Kristin F.; Piehl, Anne Morrison (1997-06-01). "Recent Immigrants: Unexpected Implications for Crime and Incarceration". National Bureau of Economic Research. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  73. ↑ Wolff, Kevin T.; Baglivio, Michael T.; Intravia, Jonathan; Piquero, Alex R. (2015-11-01). "The protective impact of immigrant concentration on juvenile recidivism: A statewide analysis of youth offenders". Journal of Criminal Justice. 43 (6): 522–531. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.05.004.
  74. ↑ Reid, Lesley Williams; Weiss, Harald E.; Adelman, Robert M.; Jaret, Charles (2005-12-01). "The immigration–crime relationship: Evidence across US metropolitan areas". Social Science Research. 34 (4): 757–780. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2005.01.001.
  75. ↑ Davies, Garth; Fagan, Jeffrey (2012-05-01). "Crime and Enforcement in Immigrant Neighborhoods Evidence from New York City". The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (in อังกฤษ). 641 (1): 99–124. doi:10.1177/0002716212438938. ISSN 0002-7162.
  76. ↑ Jr, Ramiro Martinez; Stowell, Jacob I.; Iwama, Janice A. (2016-03-21). "The Role of Immigration: Race/Ethnicity and San Diego Homicides Since 1970". Journal of Quantitative Criminology (in อังกฤษ): 1–18. doi:10.1007/s10940-016-9294-9. ISSN 0748-4518.
  77. ↑ Chalfin, Aaron (2014-03-01). "What is the Contribution of Mexican Immigration to U.S. Crime Rates? Evidence from Rainfall Shocks in Mexico". American Law and Economics Review (in อังกฤษ). 16 (1): 220–268. doi:10.1093/aler/aht019. ISSN 1465-7252.
  78. ↑ "Crime rises among second-generation immigrants as they assimilate". Pew Research Center. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-01-31.
  79. ↑ Ousey, Graham C.; Kubrin, Charis E. (2009-08-01). "Exploring the Connection between Immigration and Violent Crime Rates in U.S. Cities, 1980–2000". Social Problems (in อังกฤษ). 56 (3): 447–473. doi:10.1525/sp.2009.56.3.447. ISSN 0037-7791.
  80. ↑ Light, Michael T.; Ulmer, Jeffery T. (2016-04-01). "Explaining the Gaps in White, Black, and Hispanic Violence since 1990 Accounting for Immigration, Incarceration, and Inequality". American Sociological Review (in อังกฤษ). 81 (2): 290–315. doi:10.1177/0003122416635667. ISSN 0003-1224.
  81. ↑ Bersani, Bianca E. (2014-03-04). "An Examination of First and Second Generation Immigrant Offending Trajectories". Justice Quarterly. 31 (2): 315–343. doi:10.1080/07418825.2012.659200. ISSN 0741-8825.
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  83. ↑ "Crime, Corrections, and California: What Does Immigration Have to Do with It? (PPIC Publication)". www.ppic.org. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-06-23.
  84. ↑ MacDonald, John M.; Hipp, John R.; Gill, Charlotte (2 June 2012). "The Effects of Immigrant Concentration on Changes in Neighborhood Crime Rates". Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 29 (2): 191–215. doi:10.1007/s10940-012-9176-8.
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  109. ↑ Avdan, Nazli (2014-12-01). "Do asylum recognition rates in Europe respond to transnational terrorism? The migration-security nexus revisited". European Union Politics (in อังกฤษ). 15 (4): 445–471. doi:10.1177/1465116514534908. ISSN 1465-1165.
  110. ↑ Unnever, James D.; Cullen, Francis T. (2012-11-01). "White Perceptions of Whether African Americans and Hispanics are Prone to Violence and Support for the Death Penalty". Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency (in อังกฤษ). 49 (4): 519–544. doi:10.1177/0022427811415533. ISSN 0022-4278.
  111. ↑ Open Collections Program: Immigration to the US, Dillingham Commission (1907-1910)

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WikiPedia: การเข้าเมืองกับอาชญากรรม http://works.bepress.com/matthew_freedman/27/ http://www.dw.com/en/report-refugee-related-crimes... http://www.dw.com/en/report-refugees-have-not-incr... http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&... http://www.izajom.com/content/3/1/12/abstract http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9... http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9... http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9... http://www.pdf-archive.com/2011/05/08/br-1996-2-in... http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements...