อ้างอิง ของ พันธุศาสตร์

  1. ↑ Lamarck, J-B (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from Encyclopædia Britannica Online on 16 March 2008.
  2. ↑ Peter J. Bowler, The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergency of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989) : chapters 2 & 3.
  3. 1 2 Blumberg, Roger B. "Mendel's Paper in English".
  4. ↑ genetics, n., Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed.
  5. ↑ Bateson W. "Letter from William Bateson to Alan Sedgwick in 1905". The John Innes Centre. สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 March 2008.
  6. ↑ genetic, adj., Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed.
  7. ↑ Bateson, W (1907). "The Progress of Genetic Research". In Wilks, W. Report of the Third 1906 International Conference on Genetics: Hybridization (the cross-breeding of genera or species), the cross-breeding of varieties, and general plant breeding. London: Royal Horticultural Society.
  8. ↑ Moore, John A. (1983). "Thomas Hunt Morgan—The Geneticist". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 23: 855. doi:10.1093/icb/23.4.855.
  9. ↑ Sturtevant AH (1913). "The linear arrangement of six sex-linked factors in Drosophila, as shown by their mode of association" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 14: 43–59.
  10. ↑ Avery, OT; MacLeod, CM; McCarty, M (1944). "STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE SUBSTANCE INDUCING TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES : INDUCTION OF TRANSFORMATION BY A DESOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID FRACTION ISOLATED FROM PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE III". The Journal of experimental medicine. 79 (2): 137–58. doi:10.1084/jem.79.2.137. PMC 2135445. PMID 19871359. Reprint: Avery, OT; Macleod, CM; Mccarty, M (1979). "Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types. Inductions of transformation by a desoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from pneumococcus type III". The Journal of experimental medicine. 149 (2): 297–326. doi:10.1084/jem.149.2.297. PMC 2184805. PMID 33226.
  11. ↑ Hershey, AD; Chase, M (1952). "Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage". The Journal of general physiology. 36 (1): 39–56. doi:10.1085/jgp.36.1.39. PMC 2147348. PMID 12981234.
  12. ↑ Judson, Horace (1979). The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. pp. 51–169. ISBN 0-87969-477-7. Unknown parameter |middle= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Watson, J. D.; Crick, FH (1953). "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid" (PDF). Nature. 171 (4356): 737–8. doi:10.1038/171737a0. PMID 13054692.
  14. ↑ Watson, J. D.; Crick, FH (1953). "Genetical Implications of the Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid" (PDF). Nature. 171 (4361): 964–7. doi:10.1038/171964b0. PMID 13063483.
  15. ↑ Sanger, F; Nicklen, S; Coulson, AR (1977). "DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 74 (12): 5463–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. PMC 431765. PMID 271968.
  16. ↑ Saiki, RK; Scharf, S; Faloona, F; Mullis, KB; Horn, GT; Erlich, HA; Arnheim, N (1985). "Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia". Science. 230 (4732): 1350–4. doi:10.1126/science.2999980. PMID 2999980.
  17. 1 2 "Human Genome Project Information". Human Genome Project. สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 March 2008.
  18. ↑ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Patterns of Inheritance: Introduction". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= และ |editor-first= specified (help)
  19. ↑ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Mendel's experiments". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= และ |editor-first= specified (help)
  20. 1 2 Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Mendelian genetics in eukaryotic life cycles". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= และ |editor-first= specified (help)
  21. ↑ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Interactions between the alleles of one gene". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= และ |editor-first= specified (help)
  22. ↑ Cheney, Richard W. "Genetic Notation". สืบค้นเมื่อ 18 March 2008.
  23. ↑ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Human Genetics". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= และ |editor-first= specified (help)
  24. ↑ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Gene interaction and modified dihybrid ratios". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= และ |editor-first= specified (help)
  25. ↑ Mayeux, R (2005). "Mapping the new frontier: complex genetic disorders". The Journal of clinical investigation. 115 (6): 1404–7. doi:10.1172/JCI25421. PMC 1137013. PMID 15931374.
  26. ↑ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Quantifying heritability". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= และ |editor-first= specified (help)
  27. ↑ Luke, A; Guo, X; Adeyemo, AA; Wilks, R; Forrester, T; Lowe W, W; Comuzzie, AG; Martin, LJ; Zhu, X (2001). "Heritability of obesity-related traits among Nigerians, Jamaicans and US black people". International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders. 25 (7): 1034–41. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801650. PMID 11443503.
  28. ↑ Pearson, H (2006). "Genetics: what is a gene?". Nature. 441 (7092): 398–401. doi:10.1038/441398a. PMID 16724031.
  29. ↑ Prescott, L (1993). Microbiology. Wm. C. Brown Publishers. ISBN 0-697-01372-3.
  30. ↑ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Mechanism of DNA Replication". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= และ |editor-first= specified (help)
  31. ↑ Gregory, SG; Barlow, KF; Mclay, KE; Kaul, R; Swarbreck, D; Dunham, A; Scott, CE; Howe, KL; Woodfine, K (2006). "The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1". Nature. 441 (7091): 315–21. doi:10.1038/nature04727. PMID 16710414.
  32. ↑ Alberts et al. (2002), II.4. DNA and chromosomes: Chromosomal DNA and Its Packaging in the Chromatin Fiber
  33. ↑ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Sex chromosomes and sex-linked inheritance". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= และ |editor-first= specified (help)
  34. ↑ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Nature of crossing-over". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= และ |editor-first= specified (help)
  35. ↑ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Linkage maps". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= และ |editor-first= specified (help)
  36. ↑ Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L, Clarke ND (2002). "I. 5. DNA, RNA, and the Flow of Genetic Information: Amino Acids Are Encoded by Groups of Three Bases Starting from a Fixed Point". Biochemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. ↑ Crick, F (1970). "Central dogma of molecular biology" (PDF). Nature. 227 (5258): 561–3. doi:10.1038/227561a0. PMID 4913914.
  38. ↑ Alberts et al. (2002), I.3. Proteins: The Shape and Structure of Proteins
  39. ↑ Alberts et al. (2002), I.3. Proteins: Protein Function
  40. ↑ "How Does Sickle Cell Cause Disease?". Brigham and Women's Hospital: Information Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassemic Disorders. 11 April 2002. สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 July 2007.
  41. ↑ Imes, DL; Geary, LA; Grahn, RA; Lyons, LA (2006). "Albinism in the domestic cat (Felis catus) is associated with a tyrosinase (TYR) mutation". Animal genetics. 37 (2): 175–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01409.x. PMC 1464423. PMID 16573534.
  42. ↑ "MedlinePlus: Phenylketonuria". NIH: National Library of Medicine. สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 March 2008.
  43. ↑ Rosenthal, David (1964). The Genain quadruplets; a case study and theoretical analysis of heredity and environment in schizophrenia. New York: Basic Books. ISBN B0000CM68F Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help). line feed character in |title= at position 24 (help)
  44. ↑ Brivanlou, AH; Darnell Je, JE (2002). "Signal transduction and the control of gene expression". Science. 295 (5556): 813–8. doi:10.1126/science.1066355. PMID 11823631.
  45. ↑ Alberts et al. (2002), II.3. Control of Gene Expression – The Tryptophan Repressor Is a Simple Switch That Turns Genes On and Off in Bacteria
  46. ↑ Jaenisch, R; Bird, A (2003). "Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: how the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals". Nature genetics. 33 Suppl: 245–54. doi:10.1038/ng1089. PMID 12610534.
  47. ↑ Chandler, VL (2007). "Paramutation: from maize to mice". Cell. 128 (4): 641–5. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.007. PMID 17320501.
  48. ↑ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Spontaneous mutations". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= และ |editor-first= specified (help)
  49. ↑ Freisinger, E; Grollman, AP; Miller, H; Kisker, C (2004). "Lesion (in) tolerance reveals insights into DNA replication fidelity". The EMBO journal. 23 (7): 1494–505. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600158. PMC 391067. PMID 15057282.
  50. ↑ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Induced mutations". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= และ |editor-first= specified (help)
  51. ↑ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Chromosome Mutation I: Changes in Chromosome Structure: Introduction". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= และ |editor-first= specified (help)
  52. ↑ Sawyer, SA; Parsch, J; Zhang, Z; Hartl, DL (2007). "Prevalence of positive selection among nearly neutral amino acid replacements in Drosophila". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (16): 6504–10. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701572104. PMC 1871816. PMID 17409186.
  53. ↑ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Variation and its modulation". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= และ |editor-first= specified (help)
  54. ↑ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Selection". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= และ |editor-first= specified (help)
  55. ↑ Griffiths, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, eds. (2000). "Random events". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. More than one of |editor1-first= และ |editor-first= specified (help)
  56. ↑ Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species (1st ed.). London: John Murray. p. 1. ISBN 0-8014-1319-2.. Related earlier ideas were acknowledged in Darwin, Charles (1861). On the Origin of Species (3rd ed.). London: John Murray. xiii. ISBN 0-8014-1319-2.
  57. ↑ Gavrilets, S (2003). "Perspective: models of speciation: what have we learned in 40 years?". Evolution; international journal of organic evolution. 57 (10): 2197–215. doi:10.1554/02-727. PMID 14628909.
  58. ↑ Wolf, YI; Rogozin, IB; Grishin, NV; Koonin, EV (2002). "Genome trees and the tree of life". Trends in genetics. 18 (9): 472–9. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525 (02) 02744-0 Check |doi= value (help). PMID 12175808.
  59. ↑ "The Use of Model Organisms in Instruction". University of Wisconsin: Wisconsin Outreach Research Modules. สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 March 2008.
  60. ↑ "NCBI: Genes and Disease". NIH: National Center for Biotechnology Information. สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 March 2008.
  61. ↑ Davey Smith, G; Ebrahim, S (2003). "'Mendelian randomization': can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?". International journal of epidemiology. 32 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1093/ije/dyg070. PMID 12689998.
  62. ↑ "Pharmacogenetics Fact Sheet". NIH: National Institute of General Medical Sciences. สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 March 2008.
  63. ↑ Frank, SA (2004). "Genetic predisposition to cancer - insights from population genetics". Nature reviews. Genetics. 5 (10): 764–72. doi:10.1038/nrg1450. PMID 15510167.
  64. ↑ Strachan T, Read AP (1999). Human Molecular Genetics 2 (second ed.). John Wiley & Sons Inc.Chapter 18: Cancer Genetics
  65. ↑ Lodish et al. (2000), Chapter 7: 7.1. DNA Cloning with Plasmid Vectors
  66. ↑ Lodish et al. (2000), Chapter 7: 7.7. Polymerase Chain Reaction: An Alternative to Cloning
  67. ↑ Brown TA (2002). "Section 2, Chapter 6: 6.1. The Methodology for DNA Sequencing". Genomes 2 (2nd ed.). Oxford: Bios. ISBN 1-85996-228-9.
  68. ↑ Brown (2002), Section 2, Chapter 6: 6.2. Assembly of a Contiguous DNA Sequence
  69. ↑ Service, RF (2006). "Gene sequencing. The race for the $1000 genome". Science. 311 (5767): 1544–6. doi:10.1126/science.311.5767.1544. PMID 16543431.

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