อ้างอิง ของ สหภาพโซเวียต

  1. ↑ Historical Dictionary of Socialism. James C. Docherty, Peter Lamb. Page 85. "The Soviet Union was a one-party Marxist-Leninist state.".
  2. ↑ Ideology, Interests, and Identity. Stephen H. Hanson. Page 14. "the USSR was officially a Marxist-Leninist state"
  3. ↑ The Fine Line between the Enforcement of Human Rights Agreements and the Violation of National Sovereignty: The Case of Soviet Dissidents. Jennifer Noe Pahre. Page 336. "[...] the Soviet Union, as a Marxist-Leninist state [...]". Page 348. "The Soviet Union is a Marxist–Leninist state."
  4. ↑ Leninist National Policy: Solution to the "National Question"?. Walker Connor. Page 31. "[...] four Marxist-Leninist states (the Soviet Union, China, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia)[...]"
  5. ↑ "Law of the USSR of March 14, 1990 N 1360-I 'On the establishment of the office of the President of the USSR and the making of changes and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR'". Garant.ru. สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 July 2010.
  6. ↑ Smith 1976.
  7. ↑ "Status of Nuclear Powers and Their Nuclear Capabilities". Federation of American Scientists. March 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 19 March 2014.
  8. ↑ The term "successor state of the Soviet Union" for the Russian Federation was laid down in paragraph 3 of article 1 and paragraph 7 of article 37 of the Federal law "On international treaties of the Russian Federation" of 15 July 1995 No. 101-FZ (adopted by the State Duma on 16 June 1995). — See Federal law of July 15, 1995 № 101-FZ On international treaties of the Russian Federation
  9. ↑ [The case of Mikhail Suprun: the story of political repression as an invasion of privacy http://echo.msk.ru/programs/kulshok/822592-echo/#element-text]
  10. ↑ Adam B. Ulam, Expansion and coexistence: the history of Soviet foreign policy, 1917–73 (1974)
  11. ↑ Harold Henry Fisher (1955). The Communist Revolution: An Outline of Strategy and Tactics. Stanford UP. p. 13.
  12. ↑ Duncan Hallas, The Comintern: The History of the Third International (1985).
  13. ↑ "Germany (East)", Library of Congress Country Study, Appendix B: The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
  14. ↑ Michael C. Kaser, Comecon: Integration problems of the planned economies (Oxford University Press, 1967).
  15. ↑ Laurien Crump, The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955–1969 (Routledge, 2015).
  16. ↑ Michał Jerzy Zacharias, "The Beginnings of the Cominform: The Policy of the Soviet Union towards European Communist Parties in Connection with the Political Initiatives of the United States of America in 1947." Acta Poloniae Historica 78 (1998) : 161-200.
  17. ↑ Nikos Marantzidis, "The Greek Civil War (1944–1949) and the International Communist System." Journal of Cold War Studies 15.4 (2013) : 25-54.
  18. ↑ Heinz Timmermann, "The cominform effects on Soviet foreign policy." Studies in Comparative Communism 18.1 (1985) : 3-23.
  19. ↑ Gordon H. Mueller, "Rapallo Reexamined: a new look at Germany's secret military collaboration with Russia in 1922." Military Affairs: The Journal of Military History (1976) : 109-117. online
  20. ↑ Christine A. White, British and American Commercial Relations with Soviet Russia, 1918–1924 (UNC Press Books, 2017).
  21. ↑ Joan Hoff Wilson, "American Business and the Recognition of the Soviet Union." Social Science Quarterly (1971) : 349-368. online
  22. ↑ Chris Ward, Stalin's Russia (2nd ed. 1999) pp 148-88.
  23. ↑ Barbara Jelavich, St.Petersburg and Moscow: Czarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974 (1974) pp 342-46.
  24. 1 2 Sakwa, Richard. Soviet Politics in Perspective. 2nd ed. London – N.Y.: Routledge, 1998.
  25. ↑ F. Triska, Jan; Slusser, Robert M. (1962). The Theory, Law, and Policy of Soviet Treaties. Stanford University Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-8047-0122-8.
  26. ↑ Deb, Kalipada (1996). Soviet Union to Commonwealth: Transformation and Challenges. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 81. ISBN 978-81-85880-95-2.
  27. 1 2 Benson, Shirley (2001). Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower. Penn State University Press. pp. XIV. ISBN 978-0-271-02170-6.
  28. ↑ The Communist World. Ardent Media. 2001. p. 441. ISBN 978-0-271-02170-6.
  29. ↑ Joseph Marie Feldbrugge, Ferdinand (1993). Russian Law: The End of the Soviet System and the Role of Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-7923-2358-7.
  30. ↑ White, Stephen; J. Gill, Graeme; Slider, Darrell (1993). The Politics of Transition: Shaping a post-Soviet Future. Cambridge University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-521-44634-1.
  31. ↑ Adams, Simon (2005). Russian Republics. Black Rabbit Books. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-58340-606-9.
  32. ↑ Feldbrugge, Ferdinand Joseph Maria (1993). Russian Law: The Rnd of the Soviet system and the Role of Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 94. ISBN 0-7923-2358-0.
  33. ↑ The Occupation of Latvia at Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia
  34. ↑ Estonia says Soviet occupation justifies it staying away from Moscow celebrations – Pravda.Ru [ลิงก์เสีย]
  35. ↑ Motion for a resolution on the Situation in Estonia by the EU
  36. ↑ "UNITED NATIONS Human Rights Council Report". Ap.ohchr.org. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-02-18.
  37. ↑ "U.S.-Baltic Relations: Celebrating 85 Years of Friendship" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. 14 June 2007. สืบค้นเมื่อ 29 July 2009.
  38. ↑ European parliament: Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (No C 42/78) (1983). Official Journal of the European Communities. European Parliament.
  39. ↑ Aust, Anthony (2005). Handbook of International Law. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53034-7.
  40. ↑ Ziemele, Ineta (2005). State Continuity and Nationality: The Baltic States and Russia. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 90-04-14295-9.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gregory, Paul R. (2004). The Political Economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives. Cambridge University Press. pp. 218–20. ISBN 0-521-53367-8.
  42. ↑ Mawdsley, Evan (1998). The Stalin Years: The Soviet Union, 1929–1953. Manchester University Press. p. 30. ISBN 0-7190-4600-9.
  43. ↑ Wheatcroft, S. G.; Davies, R. W.; Cooper, J. M. (1986). Soviet Industrialization Reconsidered: Some Preliminary Conclusions about Economic Development between 1926 and 1941. 39. Economic History Review. pp. 30–2. ISBN 978-0-7190-4600-1.
  44. ↑ "Reconstruction and Cold War". Library of Congress. สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 October 2010.
  45. 1 2 3 4 "Reconstruction and Cold War". Library of Congress Country Studies. สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 October 2010.
  46. ↑ IMF and OECD (1991). A Study of the Soviet Economy. 1. International Monetary Fund. p. 9. ISBN 0-14-103797-0.
  47. 1 2 "Economy". Library of Congress Country Studies. สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 October 2010.
  48. 1 2 Hanson, Philip. The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Economy: An Economic History of the USSR from 1945. London: Longman, 2003.
  49. ↑ Bergson, Abram (1997). "How Big was the Soviet GDP?". Comparative Economic Studies. 39 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1057/ces.1997.1.
  50. ↑ Harrison, Mark (1993). "Soviet Economic Growth Since 1928: The Alternative Statistics of G. I. Khanin". Europe–Asia Studies. 45 (1): 141–167. doi:10.1080/09668139308412080.
  51. ↑ Gvosdev, Nikolas (2008). The Strange Death of Soviet communism: A Postscript. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-4128-0698-4.
  52. ↑ Fischer, Stanley; Easterly, William (1994). "The Soviet Economic Decline, Historical and Republican Data" (PDF). World Bank. สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 October 2010.
  53. ↑ Rosefielde, Steven (1996). "Stalinism in Post-Communist Perspective: New Evidence on Killings, Forced Labour and Economic Growth in the 1930s". Europe-Asia Studies. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 48 (6): 956–987. JSTOR 152635. The new evidence shows that administrative command planning and Stalin's forced industrialization strategies failed in the 1930s and beyond. The economic miracle chronicled in official hagiographies and until recently faithfully recounted in Western textbooks has no basis in fact. It is the statistical artefact not of index number relativity (the Gerschenkron effect) but of misapplying to the calculation of growth cost prices that do not accurately measure competitive value. The standard of living declined during the 1930s in response to Stalin's despotism, and after a brief improvement following his death, lapsed into stagnation. Glasnost and post-communist revelations interpreted as a whole thus provide no basis for Getty, Rittersporn & Zemskov's relatively favourable characterization of the methods, economic achievements and human costs of Stalinism. The evidence demonstrates that the suppression of markets and the oppression of vast segments of the population were economically counterproductive and humanly calamitous, just as anyone conversant with classical economic theory should have expected.
  54. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency (1991). "GDP – Million 1990". The World Factbook. สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 June 2010.
  55. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency (1992). "GDP Per Capita – 1991". The World Factbook. สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 June 2010.
  56. ↑ "A Beginner's Guide to Soviet Industrialization". Waiting for Putney. 28 October 2013. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. สืบค้นเมื่อ 18 October 2016.
  57. ↑ "Human Development Report 1990 | Human Development Reports". hdr.undp.org. สืบค้นเมื่อ 18 October 2016.
  58. ↑ Wilson, David (1983). The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union. Rowman and Littfield. pp. 105 to 108. ISBN 9780709927044.
  59. ↑ Wilson 1983, p. 295
  60. ↑ Wilson 1983, p. 297
  61. ↑ Wilson 1983, pp. 297–99
  62. ↑ Wilson 1983, p. 299
  63. 1 2 3 Central Intelligence Agency (1991). "Soviet Union – Communications". The World Factbook. สืบค้นเมื่อ 20 October 2010.
  64. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency (1992). "Soviet Union – Economy". The World Factbook. สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 October 2010.
  65. ↑ "Science and Technology". Library of Congress Country Studies. สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 October 2010.
  66. ↑ Rose Eveleth (12 December 2013). Soviet Russia Had a Better Record of Training Women in STEM Than America Does Today. Smithsonian.com. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
  67. ↑ MacFarland, Margo (3 May 1990). "Global Tech Strategies Brought to U.S". Washington Technology.
  68. ↑ Deckert, R.A. (10 October 1990). "The science of uncovering industrial information". Business Journal of the Treasure Coast.
  69. ↑ "U.S. Firms Must Trade Short-Term Gains for Long-Term Technology Planning". Inside the Pentagon. 7 March 1991.
  70. ↑ Highman, Robert D.S.; Greenwood, John T.; Hardesty, Von (1998). Russian Aviation and Air Power in the Twentieth Century. Routledge. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-7146-4784-5.
  71. 1 2 Wilson 1983, p. 205
  72. ↑ Wilson 1983, p. 201
  73. ↑ Ambler, Shaw and Symons 1985, p. 166–67.
  74. ↑ Ambler, Shaw and Symons 1985, p. 168.
  75. ↑ Ambler, Shaw and Symons 1985, p. 165.
  76. 1 2 Ambler, John; Shaw, Denis J.B.; Symons, Leslie (1985). Soviet and East European Transport Problems. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7099-0557-8.
  77. ↑ Ambler, Shaw and Symons 1985, p. 169.
  78. ↑ International Monetary Fund and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 1991, p. 56.
  79. ↑ Mark Harrison (18 July 2002). Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940–1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-521-89424-1.
  80. ↑
  81. ↑
  82. ↑ Jay Winter; Emmanuel Sivan (2000). War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 64. ISBN 0521794366.
  83. ↑ Government of the USSR (1977). Great Soviet Encyclopaedia (in Russian). volume 24. Moscow: State Committee for Publishing. p. 15.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  84. ↑ Anderson, Barbara A. (1990). Growth and Diversity of the Population of the Soviet Union. 510. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences. pp. 155–77.
  85. ↑ Vallin, J.; Chesnais, J.C. (1970). Recent Developments of Mortality in Europe, English-Speaking Countries and the Soviet Union, 1960–1970. 29. Population Studies. pp. 861–898.
  86. ↑ Ryan, Michael (28 May 1988). Life Expectancy and Mortality Data from the Soviet Union. British Medical Journal. 296. p. 1,513–1515.
  87. ↑ Davis, Christopher; Feshbach, Murray. Rising Infant Mortality in the USSR in the 1970s. Washington, D.C.: United States Census Bureau. p. 95.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  88. ↑ Krimins, Juris (3–7 December 1990). The Changing Mortality Patterns in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia: Experience of the Past Three Decades. Paper presented at the International Conference on Health, Morbidity and Mortality by Cause of Death in Europe.
  89. ↑ Sheila Fitzpatrick, Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 1921–1934, Cambridge University Press (16 May 2002), ISBN 0-521-89423-9
  90. ↑ Law, David A. (1975). Russian Civilization. Ardent Media. pp. 300–1. ISBN 0-8422-0529-2.
  91. ↑ Mikhail Shifman, ed. (2005). You Failed Your Math Test, Comrade Einstein: Adventures and Misadventures of Young Mathematicians Or Test Your Skills in Almost Recreational Mathematics. World Scientific. ISBN 9789812701169.
  92. ↑ Edward Frenkel (October 2012). "The Fifth problem: math & anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union". The New Criterion.
  93. ↑ Dominic Lawson (11 October 2011). "More migrants please, especially the clever ones". The Independent. London.
  94. ↑ Andre Geim (2010). "Biographical". Nobelprize.org.
  95. ↑ Shlapentokh, Vladimir (1990). Soviet Intellectuals and Political Power: The Post-Stalin Era. I.B. Tauris. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-85043-284-5.
  96. ↑ Pejovich, Svetozar (1990). The Economics of Property Rights: Towards a Theory of Comparative Systems. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-7923-0878-2.
  97. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency (1991). "Soviet Union – People". The World Factbook. สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 October 2010.
  98. ↑ Comrie 1981, p. 2.
  99. ↑ Hosking, Geoffrey (13 March 2006). "Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union". History Today. สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 October 2010. (pay-fee)
  100. ↑ Lane 1992, p. 353
  101. ↑ Lane 1992, p. 352.
  102. ↑ Lane 1992, p. 352
  103. ↑ Lane 1992, p. 352–53.
  104. ↑ Dinkel, R.H. (1990). The Seeming Paradox of Increasing Mortality in a Highly Industrialized Nation: the Example of the Soviet Union. pp. 155–77.
  105. ↑ Comrie 1981, pp. 3–4
  106. ↑ Comrie 1981, p. 25
  107. ↑ Comrie 1981, p. 26
  108. ↑ Comrie 1981, p. 27
  109. ↑ "ru:ЗАКОН СССР ОТ 24 April 1990 О ЯЗЫКАХ НАРОДОВ СССР" [Law of the USSR from 24 April 1990 On languages of the USSR] (in Russian). Government of the Soviet Union. 24 April 1990. สืบค้นเมื่อ 24 October 2010.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  110. 1 2 Eaton, Katherine Bliss (2004). Daily life in the Soviet Union. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 285 and 286. ISBN 0-313-31628-7.
  111. ↑ Silvio Ferrari; W. Cole Durham; Elizabeth A. Sewell (2003). Law and religion in post-communist Europe. Peeters Pub & Booksellers. p. 261. ISBN 978-90-429-1262-5.
  112. ↑ Simon 1974, pp. 64–65
  113. ↑ 'On the other hand...' See the index of Stalin and His Hangmen by Donald Rayfield, 2004, Random House
  114. ↑ Rayfield 2004, pp. 317–320
  115. ↑ ""Gorbachev, Mikhail"". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 October 2007. สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 December 2017. Under his new policy of glasnost ("openness"), a major cultural thaw took place: freedoms of expression and of information were significantly expanded; the press and broadcasting were allowed unprecedented candour in their reportage and criticism; and the country's legacy of Stalinist totalitarian rule was eventually completely repudiated by the government.[ลิงก์เสีย]

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