อ้างอิง ของ พันธุวิศวกรรม

  1. ↑ "First transgenic pet, 'GloFish', sold to US public". PHG Foundation. 9 January 2004.
  2. ↑ "Terms and Acronyms". |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  3. ↑ Vert, Michel; Doi, Yoshiharu; Hellwich, Karl-Heinz; Hess, Michael; Hodge, Philip; Kubisa, Przemyslaw; Rinaudo, Marguerite; Schué, François (2012). "Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)" (PDF). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 84 (2): 377–410. doi:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-12-04.
  4. 1 2 The European Parliament and the council of the European Union (12 March 2001). "Directive on the release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Directive 2001/18/EC ANNEX I A". Official Journal of the European Communities: page 17.CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
  5. ↑ Staff Economic Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops on the Agri-Food Sector; P. 42 Glossary - Term and Definitions The European Commission Directorate-General for Agriculture, "Genetic engineering: The manipulation of an organism's genetic endowment by introducing or eliminating specific genes through modern molecular biology techniques. A broad definition of genetic engineering also includes selective breeding and other means of artificial selection.", Retrieved 5 November 2012
  6. ↑ Van Eenennaam, Alison. "Is Livestock Cloning Another Form of Genetic Engineering?" (PDF). agbiotech.
  7. ↑ David M. Suter, Michel Dubois-Dauphin, Karl-Heinz Krause (2006). "Genetic engineering of embryonic stem cells" (PDF). Swiss Med Wkly. 136 (27–28): 413–415. PMID 16897894.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Ernesto Andrianantoandro, Subhayu Basu, David K Kariga & Ron Weiss (16 May 2006). "Synthetic biology: new engineering rules for an emerging discipline". Molecular Systems Biology. 2 (2006.0028): 2006.0028. doi:10.1038/msb4100073. PMC 1681505. PMID 16738572.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ Jacobsen, E.; Schouten, H. J. (2008). "Cisgenesis, a New Tool for Traditional Plant Breeding, Should be Exempted from the Regulation on Genetically Modified Organisms in a Step by Step Approach". Potato Research. 51: 75. doi:10.1007/s11540-008-9097-y.
  10. ↑ Capecchi, Mario R. (2001). "Generating mice with targeted mutations". Nature Medicine. 7 (10): 1086–90. doi:10.1038/nm1001-1086. PMID 11590420.
  11. ↑ Staff Biotechnology - Glossary of Agricultural Biotechnology Terms United States Department of Agriculture, "Genetic modification: The production of heritable improvements in plants or animals for specific uses, via either genetic engineering or other more traditional methods. Some countries other than the United States use this term to refer specifically to genetic engineering.", Retrieved 5 November 2012
  12. ↑ James H. Maryanski (19 October 1999). "Genetically Engineered Foods". Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition at the Food and Drug Administration.
  13. ↑ Evans, Brent and Lupescu, Mihai (15 July 2012) Canada - Agricultural Biotechnology Annual – 2012 GAIN (Global Agricultural Information Network) report CA12029, United States Department of Agriculture, Foreifn Agricultural Service, Retrieved 5 November 2012
  14. ↑ McHugen, Alan (14 September 2000). "Chapter 1: Hors-d'oeuvres and entrees/What is genetic modification? What are GMOs?". Pandora's Picnic Basket. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198506744.
  15. ↑ Staff (28 November 2005) Health Canada - The Regulation of Genetically Modified Food Glossary definition of Genetically Modified: "An organism, such as a plant, animal or bacterium, is considered genetically modified if its genetic material has been altered through any method, including conventional breeding. A 'GMO' is a genetically modified organism.", Retrieved 5 November 2012
  16. ↑ "What is genetic modification (GM)?". CSIRO.
  17. ↑ พลาสมิด มีได้ในแบคทีเรียหลายชนิด เป็น DNA ที่อยู่นอกโครโมโซม มีขนาดตั้งแต่ไม่กี่พันคู่เบสจนถึงมากกว่าแสนคู่เบส มีโครงสร้างเป็นวงแหวนเกลียวคู่ มีการพันกันในลักษณะเกลียวซ้อนเกลียว มักมียีนที่ทำให้แบคทีเรียมีคุณสมบัติพิเศษ เช่น ทำให้ผลิตยาปฏิชีวนะได้ ทำให้เกิดความต้านทานต่อยาปฏิชีวนะ หรือสามารถย่อยสลายโมเลกุลบางอย่างได้ พลาสมิดบางชนิดสามารถส่งถ่ายจากเซลล์หนึ่งไปยังอีกเซลล์หนึ่งได้โดยกระบวนการที่คล้ายกับการ conjugation เรียกว่าพลาสมิดแบบ conjugative ส่วนพลาสมิดบางชนิดที่ไม่สามารถส่งถ่ายจากเซลล์หนึ่งไปยังเซลล์หนึ่งได้เรียกว่าพลาสมิดแบบ non conjugative พลาสมิดกลุ่มนี้จะถูกส่งเข้าไปในเซลล์ที่ต้องการได้ในห้องปฏิบัติการ โดยอาศัยกระบวนการ transformation นอกจากนี้พลาสมิดกลุ่มนี้ยังสามารถส่งถ่ายระหว่างเซลล์ได้ถ้าอยู่ในเซลล์เดียวกับพลาสมิดแบบ conjugative พลาสมิดแต่ละชนิดจะมีวิธีการจำลองตัวที่แตกต่างกัน เช่น พลาสมิดบางชนิดมีวิธีการจำลองตัวภายใต้การควบคุมแบบเดียวกับโครโมโซม ทำให้มีพลาสมิดชนิดนี้เพียง 1 หรือ 2 โมเลกุลในเซลล์เรียกว่าพลาสมิดแบบ stringent ส่วนพลาสมิดบางชนิดมีวิธีการจำลองตัวที่ไม่ได้ขึ้นกับการจำลองตัวของโครโมโซม ทำให้มีหลายโมเลกุลในหนึ่งเซลล์เรียกว่าพลาสมิดแบบ relaxed พลาสมิดแบบ stringent มักมีขนาดใหญ่และเป็นพลาสมิดแบบ conjugative ส่วนพลาสมิดแบบ relaxed มักมีขนาดเล็กและเป็นพลาสมิดแบบ non conjugativeพลาสมิดได้ถูกนำมาใช้ในการโคลนยีนโดยนิยมใช้พลาสมิดที่มีขนาดเล็กและเป็นแบบ relaxed นอกจากนี้ต้องมียีนเครื่องหมายที่แสดงลักษณะที่สามารถตรวจสอบได้ และมีตำแหน่งที่สามารถตัดได้โดยเอนไซม์ตัดจำเพาะชนิดใดชนิดหนึ่งเพียงตำแหน่งเดียว ข้อดีของพลาสมิดขนาดเล็กคือ จะทนต่อการขาดเมื่อผ่านขั้นตอนต่างๆ แยกจากเซลล์เจ้าของได้ง่ายและเมื่อนำไปต่อกับชิ้น DNA ที่ต้องการโคลนมีขนาดที่ไม่ใหญ่มาก ถ้าขนาดใหญ่มากจะเป็นอุปสรรคต่อการส่งถ่ายไปยังเซลล์ผู้รับ แหล่งข้อมูล สุรินทร์ ปิยะโชคณากุล. (2536). เวกเตอร์. ในพันธุวิศวกรรมเบื้องต้น. (หน้า 85-110). กรุงเทพฯ : ภาควิชาพันธุศาสตร์ คณะวิทยาศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์. [วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี]
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  105. ↑ Rapeseed (พืชชนิดหนึ่งใช้สำหรับเลี้ยงสัตว์หรือสกัดเอาน้ำมันจากเมล็ด, canola) ได้ถูกดัดแปลงพันธุกรรมเพื่อปรับเปลี่บนส่วนประกอบน้ำมันของมันด้วยยีนทีมีรหัสเอนซายน์ "12:0 thioesterase" (TE) จากโรงงานใน California bay (Umbellularia californica) เพื่อเพิ่มกรดไขมันความยาวปานกลาง, ดู: Geo-pie.cornell.edu
  106. ↑ Bomgardner Melody M (2012). "Replacing Trans Fat: New crops from Dow Chemical and DuPont target food makers looking for stable, heart-healthy oils". Chemical and Engineering News. 90 (11): 30–32.
  107. ↑ Marvier, Michelle (2008). "Pharmaceutical crops in California, benefits and risks. A review". Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 28 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1051/agro:2007050.
  108. ↑ "FDA Approves First Human Biologic Produced by GE Animals". US Food and Drug Administration.
  109. ↑ Paulo Rebêlo (15 July 2004). "GM cow milk 'could provide treatment for blood disease'". SciDev.
  110. ↑ "Giant GM salmon on the way". BBC News. 11 April 2000.
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  112. ↑ Carrington, Damien (13 June 2012) GM crops good for environment, study finds The Guardian. Retrieved 16 June 2012
  113. ↑ John Pickrell (4 September 2006). "Introduction: GM Organisms". New Scientist.
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  116. ↑ Jessica M. Pasko (3/4/2007). "Bio-artists bridge gap between arts, sciences: Use of living organisms is attracting attention and controversy". msnbc. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  117. ↑ Joab Jackson (6 December 2005). "Genetically Modified Bacteria Produce Living Photographs". National Geographic News.
  118. ↑ Phys.Org website. 4 April 2005 Plant gene replacement results in the world's only blue rose
  119. ↑ Katsumoto, Yukihisa; Fukuchi-Mizutani, Masako; Fukui, Yuko; Brugliera, Filippa; Holton, Timothy A.; Karan, Mirko; Nakamura, Noriko; Yonekura-Sakakibara, Keiko; Togami, Junichi; Pigeaire, Alix; Tao, Guo-Qing; Nehra, Narender S.; Lu, Chin-Yi; Dyson, Barry K.; Tsuda, Shinzo; Ashikari, Toshihiko; Kusumi, Takaaki; Mason, John G.; Tanaka, Yoshikazu (2007). "Engineering of the Rose Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway Successfully Generated Blue-Hued Flowers Accumulating Delphinidin". Plant and Cell Physiology. 48 (11): 1589–600. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcm131. PMID 17925311.
  120. ↑ Published PCT Application WO2000049150 "Chimeric Gene Constructs for Generation of Fluorescent Transgenic Ornamental Fish." National University of Singapore
  121. ↑ Stewart, C. Neal (2006). "Go with the glow: Fluorescent proteins to light transgenic organisms". Trends in Biotechnology. 24 (4): 155–62. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.02.002. PMID 16488034.

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WikiPedia: พันธุวิศวกรรม http://www.csiro.au/Outcomes/Food-and-Agriculture/... http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/sr-sr/pubs/biotech/reg_gen_... http://www.smw.ch/docs/pdf200x/2006/27/smw-11406.P... http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles... http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview... http://books.google.com/?id=gR8cWf2-UY4C&printsec=... http://books.google.com/?id=nzmIPZg5xicC&pg=PR9&dq... http://supreme.justia.com/us/447/303/case.html http://articles.latimes.com/1987-06-09/news/mn-602... http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/4344.php