อ้างอิง ของ มุฮัมมัด

  1. ↑ ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน, พจนานุกรมศัพท์ศาสนาสากล อังกฤษ-ไทย ฉบับราชบัณฑิตยสถาน, ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน, 2548, หน้า 267
  2. ↑ Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives 8 June 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the invasion of Palestine. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam, page 248, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.
  3. 1 2 Alford T. Welch; Ahmad S. Moussalli; Gordon D. Newby (2009). "Muḥammad". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the founder of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (rasūl Allāh), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Esposito (2002b), pp. 4–5.
  5. ↑ Peters, F.E. (2003). Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians. Princeton University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-691-11553-5.
  6. ↑ Esposito, John (1998). Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 9, 12. ISBN 978-0-19-511234-4.
  7. ↑ "Muhammad" Archived 15 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine.. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  8. ↑ Jean-Louis Déclais, Names of the Prophet, Encyclopedia of the Quran
  9. ↑ Muhammad Archived 9 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 15 February 2017
  10. ↑ Rodinson, Maxime (2002). Muhammad: Prophet of Islam (in อังกฤษ). Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 38. ISBN 9781860648274. สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 May 2019.
  11. ↑
  12. ↑ Esposito, John L., ed. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0. สืบค้นเมื่อ 19 June 2012.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
  14. ↑ See also อัลกุรอาน 43:31 cited in EoI; Muhammad
  15. ↑ Marr J.S., Hubbard E., Cathey J.T. (2014): The Year of the Elephant. figshare.doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.1186833Retrieved 21 October 2014 (GMT)
  16. ↑ The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity; edited by Scott Fitzgerald Johnson; p. 287
  17. ↑ Muhammad and the Origins of Islam; by Francis E. Peters; p. 88
  18. 1 2 Watt (1974), p. 7.
  19. ↑ Ali, Wijdan (August 1999). "From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of the Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th Century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th Century Ottoman Art" (PDF). Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Turkish Art (7): 3. ISSN 0928-6802. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2004. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ Meri, Josef W. (2004). Medieval Islamic civilization. 1. Routledge. p. 525. ISBN 978-0-415-96690-0. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 January 2013. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  21. 1 2 Watt, "Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine.", Encyclopaedia of Islam.
  22. ↑ Watt, Amina, Encyclopaedia of Islam
  23. ↑ Watt (1974), p. 8.
  24. ↑ Armand Abel, Bahira, Encyclopaedia of Islam
  25. ↑ Khan, Majid Ali (1998). Muhammad the final messenger (1998 ed.). India: Islamic Book Service. p. 332. ISBN 978-81-85738-25-3.
  26. ↑
  27. ↑ Dairesi, Hırka-i Saadet; Aydin, Hilmi (2004). Uğurluel, Talha; Doğru, Ahmet, eds. The Sacred Trusts: Pavilion of the Sacred Relics, Topkapı Palace Museum, Istanbul. Tughra Books. ISBN 978-1-932099-72-0.
  28. ↑ Muhammad Mustafa Al-A'zami (2003), The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments, p. 24. UK Islamic Academy. ISBN 978-1-872531-65-6.
  29. ↑ Emory C. Bogle (1998), p. 6
  30. ↑ John Henry Haaren, Addison B. Poland (1904), p. 83
  31. ↑ Brown (2003), pp. 72–73
  32. ↑ Wensinck, A.J.; Rippen, A. (2002). "Waḥy". Encyclopaedia of Islam. 11 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. p. 54. ISBN 978-90-04-12756-2.
  33. ↑ Esposito (2010), p. 8
  34. ↑
  35. ↑ See:
    • Emory C. Bogle (1998), p. 7
    • Rodinson (2002), p. 71
  36. ↑ "Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement". Cmje.org. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. สืบค้นเมื่อ 26 January 2012. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  37. ↑ Uri Rubin, Muhammad, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an
  38. ↑ Daniel C. Peterson, Good News, Encyclopedia of the Quran
  39. 1 2 Watt (1953), p. 86
  40. ↑
  41. ↑ Ramadan (2007), pp. 37–39
  42. 1 2 Watt, The Cambridge History of Islam (1977), p. 36
  43. ↑ F.E. Peters (1994), p. 169
  44. 1 2 3 Uri Rubin, Quraysh, Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an
  45. ↑ Jonathan E. Brockopp, Slaves and Slavery, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an
  46. ↑ W. Arafat, Bilal b. Rabah, Encyclopedia of Islam
  47. ↑ Horovitz, Josef (1927). "The Earliest Biographies of the Prophet and Their Authors". Islamic Culture. 1 (2): 279–284. doi:10.1163/157005807780220576. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  48. ↑ F.E. Peters (2003b), p. 96
  49. 1 2 3 Moojan Momen (1985), p. 4
  50. ↑ Oleg Grabar (1 October 2006). The Dome of the Rock. Harvard University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-674-02313-0. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. สืบค้นเมื่อ 26 December 2011. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  51. 1 2 Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World (2003), p. 482
  52. ↑ Jonathan M. Bloom; Sheila Blair (2009). The Grove encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture. Oxford University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. สืบค้นเมื่อ 26 December 2011. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  53. ↑ Watt (1974), p. 83
  54. ↑ Peterson (2006), pp. 86–89
  55. ↑ Muhammad Mustafa Al-A'zami (2003), The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments, pp. 30–31. UK Islamic Academy. ISBN 978-1-872531-65-6.
  56. ↑ Muhammad Mustafa Al-A'zami (2003), The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments, p. 29. UK Islamic Academy. ISBN 978-1-872531-65-6.
  57. 1 2 3 Watt, The Cambridge History of Islam, p. 39
  58. 1 2 Esposito (1998), p. 17
  59. ↑ Moojan Momen (1985), p. 5
  60. ↑ Watt (1956), p. 175.
  61. ↑ Watt (1956), p. 177
  62. ↑ Fazlur Rahman (1979), p. 21
  63. ↑ John Kelsay (1993), p. 21
  64. ↑ William Montgomery Watt (7 February 1974). Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman. Oxford University Press. pp. 112–14. ISBN 978-0-19-881078-0. สืบค้นเมื่อ 29 December 2011. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  65. ↑ Rodinson (2002), p. 164
  66. ↑ Watt, The Cambridge History of Islam, p. 45
  67. ↑ Glubb (2002), pp. 179–86
  68. ↑ Lewis (2002), p. 41.
  69. ↑ Watt (1961), p. 123
  70. ↑ Rodinson (2002), pp. 168–69
  71. ↑ Lewis(2002), p. 44
  72. ↑ Zeitlin, Irving M. (2007). The Historical Muhammad. John Wiley and Sons. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-7456-5488-1.
  73. ↑ Faizer, Rizwi (2010). The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi. Routledge. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-136-92113-1.
  74. ↑ Watt (1961), p. 132.
  75. ↑ Watt (1961), p. 134
  76. 1 2 Lewis (1960), p. 45
  77. ↑ C.F. Robinson, Uhud, Encyclopedia of Islam
  78. ↑ Watt (1964), p. 137
  79. ↑ Watt (1974), p. 137
  80. ↑ David Cook (2007), p. 24
  81. ↑ See:
    • Watt (1981), p. 432
    • Watt (1964), p. 144
  82. ↑ Watt (1956), p. 30.
  83. ↑ Watt (1956), p. 34
  84. ↑ Watt (1956), p. 18
  85. ↑ Rubin, Uri (1990). "The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf". Oriens. 32 (1): 65–71. doi:10.2307/1580625. JSTOR 1580625.
  86. ↑ Watt (1956), pp. 220–21
  87. ↑ Watt (1956), p. 35
  88. ↑ Watt (1956), pp. 36, 37
  89. ↑ See:
    • Rodinson (2002), pp. 209–11
    • Watt (1964), p. 169
  90. ↑ Watt (1964) pp. 170–72
  91. ↑ Peterson (2007), p. 126
  92. ↑ Ramadan (2007), p. 141
  93. ↑ Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, p. 754.
  94. ↑ Arafat. "New Light on the Story of Banu Qurayza and the Jews of Medina". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 1976: 100–07.
  95. ↑ Ahmad, pp. 85–94.
  96. ↑ Nemoy, "Barakat Ahmad's "Muhammad and the Jews", p. 325. Nemoy is sourcing Ahmad's Muhammad and the Jews.
  97. ↑ Watt (1956), p. 39
  98. 1 2 3 4 5 Watt, Aisha, Encyclopedia of Islam
  99. ↑ Learning Islam 8. Islamic Services Foundation. 2009. p. D14. ISBN 978-1-933301-12-9.
  100. ↑ F.E. Peters (25 July 2005). The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, Volume I: The Peoples of God. Princeton University Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-691-12372-1. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. สืบค้นเมื่อ 29 December 2011. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  101. ↑ อัลกุรอาน 2:196–210
  102. ↑ Lings (1987), p. 249
  103. 1 2 3 Watt, al- Hudaybiya or al-Hudaybiyya Encyclopedia of Islam
  104. ↑ Lewis (2002), p. 42
  105. ↑ Lings (1987), p. 255
  106. ↑ Vaglieri, Khaybar, Encyclopedia of Islam
  107. 1 2 Lings (1987), p. 260
  108. 1 2 Khan (1998), pp. 250–251
  109. ↑ F. Buhl, Muta, Encyclopedia of Islam
  110. 1 2 3 4 Khan (1998), p. 274
  111. 1 2 3 Lings (1987), p. 291
  112. 1 2 Khan (1998), pp. 274–75
  113. ↑ Lings (1987), p. 292
  114. ↑ Watt (1956), p. 66.
  115. ↑ The Message by Ayatullah Ja'far Subhani, chapter 48 Archived 2 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. referencing Sirah by Ibn Hisham, vol. II, page 409.
  116. ↑ Rodinson (2002), p. 261.
  117. ↑ Harold Wayne Ballard, Donald N. Penny, W. Glenn Jonas (2002), p. 163
  118. ↑ F.E. Peters (2003), p. 240
  119. ↑ Guillaume, Alfred (1955). The Life of Muhammad. A translation of Ishaq's "Sirat Rasul Allah". Oxford University Press. p. 552. ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1. สืบค้นเมื่อ 8 December 2011. Quraysh had put pictures in the Ka'ba including two of Jesus son of Mary and Mary (on both of whom be peace!). ... The apostle ordered that the pictures should be erased except those of Jesus and Mary.
  120. ↑ อัลกุรอาน 110:1
  121. ↑ Watt (1974), p. 207
  122. ↑ M.A. al-Bakhit, Tabuk, Encyclopedia of Islam
  123. ↑ Ibn Ishaq (translated by Guillaume, A. 1955) The Life of Muhammad. Oxford University Press, Oxford. pp. 916–18
  124. ↑ Haykal, M.H. (1933) The Life of Muhammad, translated by Isma'il Razi A. al-Faruqi. The Supreme Council of Islamic Affairs, Cairo, Egypt and University of Chicago.
  125. ↑ Husayn, M.J. Biography of Imam 'Ali Ibn Abi-Talib, Translation of Sirat Amir Al-Mu'minin, Translated by: Sayyid Tahir Bilgrami, Ansariyan Publications, Qum, Islamic Republic of Iran
  126. ↑ Lewis (1993), pp. 43–44
  127. ↑ Sultan, Sohaib (March 2011). The Koran For Dummies. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-7645-5581-7.
  128. ↑ Devin J. Stewart, Farewell Pilgrimage, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an
  129. ↑ Al-Hibri (2003), p. 17
  130. ↑ See:
  131. ↑ The Last Prophet Archived 23 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine., p. 3. Lewis Lord of U.S. News & World Report. 7 April 2008.
  132. ↑ F. Buhl; A.T. Welch (1993). "Muhammad". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs. Encyclopaedia of Islam. 7 (2nd ed.). Brill. p. 374. Then Mumammad suddenly fell ill, presumably of the ordinary Medina fever (al-Farazdak, ix, 13); but this was dangerous to a man physically and mentally overwrought.
  133. ↑ Leila Ahmed (1986), 665–91 (686)
  134. 1 2 F.E. Peters (2003), p. 90 Archived 22 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  135. ↑ Ariffin, Syed Ahmad Iskandar Syed (2005). Architectural Conservation in Islam: Case Study of the Prophet's Mosque. Penerbit UTM. p. 88. ISBN 978-983-52-0373-2.
  136. ↑ "Prophet's Mosque". Archnet.org. 2 May 2005. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. สืบค้นเมื่อ 26 January 2012. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  137. ↑ "Isa", Encyclopedia of Islam
  138. ↑ Shaykh Adil Al-Haqqani; Shaykh Hisham Kabbani (2002). The Path to Spiritual Excellence. ISCA. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-1-930409-18-7. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  139. 1 2 Mark Weston (2008). Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 102–03. ISBN 978-0-470-18257-4. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  140. 1 2 Doris Behrens-Abouseif; Stephen Vernoit (2006). Islamic art in the 19th century: tradition, innovation, and eclecticism. Brill. p. 22. ISBN 978-90-04-14442-2. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  141. ↑ Mark Weston (2008). Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present. John Wiley and Sons. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-470-18257-4. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  142. ↑ Vincent J. Cornell (2007). Voices of Islam: Voices of the spirit. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-275-98734-3. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  143. ↑ Carl W. Ernst (2004). Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the contemporary world. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 173–74. ISBN 978-0-8078-5577-5. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  144. ↑ Clinton Bennett (1998). In search of Muhammad. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 182–83. ISBN 978-0-304-70401-9. Archived from the original on 22 September 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  145. ↑ Malcolm Clark (2011). Islam For Dummies. John Wiley and Sons. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-118-05396-6. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  146. ↑
  147. ↑ See:
    • Holt (1977a), p. 57
    • Hourani (2003), p. 22
    • Lapidus (2002), p. 32
    • Esposito (1998), p. 36
    • Madelung (1996), p. 43
  148. ↑ "Virtues and Merits of the Prophet (pbuh) and his Companions". Sunnah.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 March 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
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  150. ↑ Ali Sultaan Asani; Kamal Abdel-Malek; Annemarie Schimmel (October 1995). Celebrating Muḥammad: images of the prophet in popular Muslim poetry. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-050-5. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 November 2011. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  151. ↑ Annemarie Schimmel (1985). And Muhammad is his messenger: the veneration of the Prophet in Islamic piety. University of North Carolina Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8078-1639-4. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 November 2011. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  152. ↑ Al-Tirmidhi, Shama'il Muhammadiyah Archived 26 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Book 1, Hadith 5 & Book 1, Hadith 7/8
  153. ↑ See for example Marco Schöller, Banu Qurayza, Encyclopedia of the Quran mentioning the differing accounts of the status of Rayhana
  154. 1 2 Barbara Freyer Stowasser, Wives of the Prophet, Encyclopedia of the Quran
  155. ↑ Subhani, Jafar. "Chapter 9". The Message. Ansariyan Publications, Qom. Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  156. ↑ Esposito (1998), p. 18
  157. ↑ Bullough (1998), p. 119
  158. ↑ Reeves (2003), p. 46
  159. ↑ Momen (1985), p. 9
  160. 1 2 3 D. A. Spellberg, Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: the Legacy of A'isha bint Abi Bakr, Columbia University Press, 1994, p. 40
  161. ↑ Karen Armstrong, Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet, Harper San Francisco, 1992, p. 145
  162. ↑ Karen Armstrong, Muhammad: Prophet For Our Time, HarperPress, 2006, p. 105
  163. ↑ Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, North American Trust Publications (1976), p. 139
  164. ↑ Barlas (2002), pp. 125–26
  165. ↑ A.C. Brown, Jonathan (2014). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. pp. 143–44. ISBN 978-1-78074-420-9.
  166. ↑ A.C. Brown, Jonathan (2014). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. p. 316. n° 50. ISBN 978-1-78074-420-9. Evidence that the Prophet waited for Aisha to reach physical maturity before consummation comes from al-Ṭabarī, who says she was too young for intercourse at the time of the marriage contract;
  167. ↑ แม่แบบ:Hadith-usc, แม่แบบ:Hadith-usc, แม่แบบ:Hadith-usc, แม่แบบ:Hadith-usc, แม่แบบ:Hadith-usc, แม่แบบ:Hadith-usc, แม่แบบ:Hadith-usc, แม่แบบ:Hadith-usc, แม่แบบ:Hadith-usc, แม่แบบ:Hadith-usc
  168. ↑ Tabari, Volume 9, Page 131; Tabari, Volume 7, Page 7
  169. ↑ Barlas, Asma (2012). "Believing Women" in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an. University of Texas Press. p. 126. On the other hand, however, Muslims who calculate 'Ayesha's age based on details of her sister Asma's age, about whom more is known, as well as on details of the Hijra (the Prophet's migration from Mecca to Madina), maintain that she was over thirteen and perhaps between seventeen and nineteen when she got married. Such views cohere with those Ahadith that claim that at her marriage Ayesha had "good knowledge of Ancient Arabic poetry and genealogy" and "pronounced the fundamental rules of Arabic Islamic ethics.
  170. ↑ "The Concept of Polygamy and the Prophet's Marriages (Chapter: The Other Wives)". Archived from the original on 7 February 2011. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  171. ↑ Ali, Muhammad (1997). Muhammad the Prophet. Ahamadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-913321-07-2. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  172. ↑ Ayatollah Qazvini. "Ayesha married the Prophet when she was young? (In Persian and Arabic)". Archived from the original on 26 September 2010. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  173. ↑ A.C. Brown, Jonathan (2014). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. pp. 146–47. ISBN 978-1-78074-420-9.
  174. ↑ Tariq Ramadan (2007), pp. 168–69
  175. ↑ Asma Barlas (2002), p. 125
  176. ↑ Armstrong (1992), p. 157
  177. ↑ Ordoni (1990), pp. 32, 42–44.
  178. ↑ Nicholas Awde (2000), p. 10
  179. ↑ "Ali". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
  180. ↑ Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya recorded the list of some names of Muhammad's female-slaves in Zad al-Ma'ad, Part I, p. 116
  181. ↑ "Slavery in Islam". BBC. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. สืบค้นเมื่อ 16 April 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  182. ↑ Farah (1994), p. 135
  183. ↑ Esposito (1998), p. 12.
  184. ↑ Clark, Malcolm (2003). Islam for Dummies. Indiana: Wiley Publishing Inc. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-118-05396-6. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  185. ↑ Nigosian, S. A. (2004). Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices. Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-253-21627-4.
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  188. ↑ A.J. Wensinck, Muʿd̲j̲iza, Encyclopedia of Islam
  189. ↑ Denis Gril, Miracles, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an
  190. ↑ Daniel Martin Varisco, Moon, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an
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  195. ↑ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Encyclopædia Britannica, Muhammad, p. 13
  196. ↑ Ann Goldman, Richard Hain, Stephen Liben (2006), p. 212
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  199. 1 2 F.E. Peters (10 November 2010). Jesus and Muhammad: Parallel Tracks, Parallel Lives. Oxford University Press. pp. 159–61. ISBN 978-0-19-974746-7. Archived from the original on 14 June 2013. สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 December 2011. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
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  201. ↑
  202. ↑
  203. ↑ Walter Emil Kaegi, Jr., "Initial Byzantine Reactions to the Arab Conquest", Church History, Vol. 38, No. 2 (June 1969), pp. 139–42, quoting from Doctrina Jacobi nuper baptizati 86–87
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  206. 1 2 3 Brockopp, Jonathan E (2010). The Cambridge Companion to Muḥammad. New York: Cambridge UP. pp. 240–42. ISBN 978-0-521-71372-6.
  207. ↑ Talk Of Napoleon At St. Helena (1903), pp. 279–80
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  210. ↑ Carlyle, Thomas (1841). On heroes, hero worship and the heroic in history. London: James Fraser. p. 87.
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  212. ↑ Smith, Peter (2000). "Manifestations of God". A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. p. 231. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
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  220. ↑ Norman A. Stillman (1979). The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. Jewish Publication Society. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-8276-0198-7.
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  224. ↑ {{cite bookJohn of Damascus|title=De Haeresibus|quote=See Migne, Patrologia Graeca, Vol. 94, 1864, cols 763–73. English translation by John W. Voorhis appeared in The Moslem World, October 1954, pp. 392–98}}
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  229. ↑ Cornwell, Rupert (10 April 2015). "Ayaan Hirsi Ali: Islam's most devastating critic". The Independent. London. สืบค้นเมื่อ 26 September 2017.
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  231. ↑ Robert Spencer (2006). The Truth About Muhammad. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59698-028-0.
  232. ↑ Gordon, Murray (1989). "The Attitude of Islam Toward Slavery". Slavery in the Arab World. New York: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 18–47. ISBN 978-0-941533-30-0.
  233. ↑ Willis, John Ralph, ed. (2013). Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: Islam and the Ideology of Enslavement. 1. New York: Routledge. pp. vii–xi, 3–26. ISBN 978-0-7146-3142-4.; Willis, John Ralph, ed. (1985). Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: The Servile Estate. 2. New York: Routledge. pp. vii–xi. ISBN 978-0-7146-3201-8.
  234. ↑ See also History of slavery in the Muslim world, Arab slave trade, Slavery in the Ottoman Empire, and Slavery in 21st-century Islamism.
  235. ↑ John Esposito, Islam the Straight Path, Oxford University Press, pp. 17–18
  236. ↑ Watt, W. Montgomery (1 July 1952). "The Condemnation of the Jews of Banu Qurayzah". The Muslim World. 42 (3): 160–171. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1952.tb02149.x. ISSN 1478-1913.
  237. ↑ Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, Saifur (2005), The Sealed Nectar, Darussalam Publications, pp. 201–205, They [the Jews killed] numbered 600 or 700—the largest estimate says they were between 800 and 900.
  238. ↑ Denise Spellberg (1996), Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of 'A'isha Bint Abi Bakr, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-07999-0, pp. 39–40.
  239. ↑ Turner, Colin (2011). Islam: The Basics (revised and illustrated ed.). Routledge Press. pp. 34–35. ISBN 9781136809637. สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 April 2019.
  240. ↑ Barlas, Asma (2002). "Believing Women" in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an. 2012 reprint. University of Texas Press. pp. 125–126.


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