อ้างอิง ของ สงครามจีน–พม่า

  1. 1 2 3 Giersch 2006, p. 103.
  2. 1 2 Giersch 2006, p. 101.
  3. ↑ Qing Chronicles.
  4. ↑ Haskew 2008, pp. 27–31.
  5. ↑ Giersch 2006, p. 102.
  6. ↑ Htin Aung 1967, pp. 180–183.
  7. ↑ George C. Kohn 2006, p. 82.
  8. ↑ Harvey 1925, p. 258.
  9. ↑ Dai 2004, p. 145.
  10. ↑ Asian Studies เอเชียศึกษา & ชมรมผู้สนใจข้อมูลราชวงศ์ชิง | พงศาวดารราชวงศ์ชิง (清史稿) เล่มที่ 318 บรรพที่ 105
  11. ↑ Woodside 2002, pp. 256–262.
  12. ↑ https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%97%97#CITEREF%E6%9D%9C%E5%AE%B6%E9%AA%A52008
  13. ↑ Ba Than (1951) (in Burmese). History of Burma (7th ed.). Yangon: Sarpay Beikman Press
  1. 1 2 3 4 (Burney 1840, pp. 171–173); from Burmese sources; figures adjusted down by one magnitude per G.E. Harvey's analysis in his History of Burma (1925) in the section Numerical Note (pp. 333–335).
  2. ↑ ~20,000 at the beginning, plus additional 10,000 men and 2000 cavalry towards the end
  3. ↑ (Burney 1840, pp. 180–181) and (Harvey 1925, pp. 333–335). Burney citing Burmese sources gives the Chinese strength as 500,000 foot and 50,000 cavalry and states the Burmese strength to be 64,000 foot and 1200 cavalry. These numbers are certainly exaggerated. Per Harvey (pp. 333–335), the Burmese numbers should be reduced by an order of magnitude, which gives the Chinese strength as about 55,000 which is in line with the 60,000 figure from Chinese sources. Moreover, the Burmese figure of ~65,000 was also exaggerated though probably not by a factor of ten. Per Harvey's analysis, the most the Konbaung kings could have raised was 60,000, even that in early 19th century when they had a larger empire than Hsinbyushin's. Hsinbyushin could not have raised 60,000 since Burma had been at war since 1740 and many able men had already perished. The most he could have raised was no more than 40,000.
  4. ↑ The number is derived from the fact that only a few dozens of the 30,000 strong main army managed to return back to Yunnan. (See e.g. (Myint-U 2006, pp. 102–103).) This figure does not include casualties suffered by the northern army.

แหล่งที่มา

  • Burney, Col. Henry (August 1840). Four Years' War between Burmah and China. The Chinese Repository. 9. Canton: Printed for Proprietors.
  • Dai, Yingcong (2004). "A Disguised Defeat: The Myanmar Campaign of the Qing Dynasty". Modern Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/s0026749x04001040.
  • Fernquest, Jon (Autumn 2006). "Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454)". SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research. 4 (2).
  • Giersch, Charles Patterson (2006). Asian borderlands: the transformation of Qing China's Yunnan frontier. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-02171-1.
  • Hall, D.G.E. (1960). Burma (3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library. ISBN 978-1-4067-3503-1.
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  • Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80496-7.
  • Myint-U, Thant (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-16342-6.
  • Sir Arthur Purves Phayre (1884). History of Burma: including Burma proper, Pegu, Taungu, Tenasserim, and Arakan. From the earliest time to the end of the first war with British India. Trübner & co.
  • Whiting, Marvin C. (2002). Imperial Chinese Military History: 8000 BC – 1912 AD. iUniverse. pp. 480–481. ISBN 978-0-595-22134-9.
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