อ้างอิง ของ จอร์จ_วอชิงตัน


  1. ↑ Under the Articles of Confederation Congress called its presiding officer "President of the United States in Congress Assembled". He had no executive powers, but the similarity of titles has confused people into thinking there were other presidents before Washington. Merrill Jensen, The Articles of Confederation (1959), 178–9
  2. ↑ "George Washington". Library of Congress. สืบค้นเมื่อ June 27, 2009.
  3. ↑ "Rediscovering George Washington". Public Broadcasting Service. สืบค้นเมื่อ June 27, 2009.
  4. ↑ "George Washington". Library of Congress. สืบค้นเมื่อ June 27, 2009.
  5. ↑ "Rediscovering George Washington". Public Broadcasting Service. สืบค้นเมื่อ June 27, 2009.
  6. ↑ Johnson, Paul (2005). George Washington: The Founding Father. Eminent Lives. ในกรุงลอนดอน สมเด็จพระเจ้าจอร์จที่ 3 แห่งสหราชอาณาจักร ทรงตั้งคำถามกับจิตกรชาวอเมริกัน เบนจามิน เวสต์ ว่า วอชิงตันจะทำอะไรต่อหลังจากที่เขาชนะสงครามแล้ว เวสต์ตอบว่า "โอ้ พวกเขาพวกว่าวอชิงตันจะกลับไปใช้ชีวิตที่ฟาร์มของเขา" พระองค์จึงตรัสว่า "ถ้าเขาทำเช่นนั้น เขาจะเป็นบุคคลที่ยิ่งใหญ่ที่สุดในโลก"
  7. ↑ Stazesky, Richard C. (February 22, 2000). "George Washington, Genius in Leadership". The Papers of George Washington. Alderman Library, University of Virginia. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-10-07.
  8. 1 2 Henry Lee III's eulogy to George Washington, December 26, 1799. Safire, William (2004). Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 185–186. ISBN 0-393-05931-6.
  9. ↑ Engber, Daniel (2006).What's Benjamin Franklin's Birthday?. (Both Franklin's and Washington's confusing birth dates are clearly explained.) Retrieved on June 17, 2009.
  10. ↑ วันเกิดและวันถึงแก่กรรมของจอร์จ วอชิงตันในที่นี้เป็นระบบปฏิทินเกรกอเรียน อย่างไรก็ดี ขณะที่เขาเกิด สหราชอาณาจักรและประเทศอาณานิคมทั้งหมดยังใช้ปฏิทินจูเลียนอยู่ ดังนั้นในบันทึกร่วมสมัยนั้นจึงระบุวันเกิดของเขาเป็นวันที่ 11 กุมภาพันธ์ ค.ศ. 1732 บทบัญญัติว่าด้วยการใช้ปฏิทินรูปแบบใหม่ ค.ศ. 1750 เริ่มใช้ในปี ค.ศ. 1752 ซึ่งเปลี่ยนแปลงวันที่ในระบบของอังกฤษเดิม มาเป็นปฏิทินเกรกอเรียนโดยเริ่มต้นปี ณ วันที่ 1 มกราคม
  11. ↑ "Image of page from family Bible". Papers of George Washington. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-01-26.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Bell, William Gardner (1983). Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff: 1775-2005; Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Army's Senior Officer. Center of Military History – United States Army. pp. 52 & 66. ISBN 0160723760. CMH Pub 70–14. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2009-03-04.
  13. ↑ Dorothy Twohig, "The Making of George Washington", in Warren R. Hofstra, ed., George Washington and the Virginia Backcountry (Madison, 1998).
  14. ↑ "Slavery at Popes Creek Plantation", George Washington Birthplace National Monument, National Park Service, accessed 15 Apr 2009
  15. ↑ At the time Virginia included West Virginia and the upper Ohio Valley area around present day Pittsburgh.
  16. ↑ Abbott, W.W., editor. The Papers of George Washington: Colonial Series, Volume 1 (University Press of Virginia:1983) p. 9
  17. ↑ "Washington As Public Land Surveyor: Boyhood and Beginnings" George Washington: Surveyor and Mapmaker. American Memory. Library of Congress. Retrieved on May 17, 2007.
  18. ↑ Bush Hill House - Colonial Williamsburg Research Division
  19. ↑ "George Washington House Restoration Project in Barbados". สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-01-21.
  20. ↑ "George Washington: Making of a Military Leader", American Memory, Library of Congress. Retrieved on May 17, 2007
  21. ↑ Sparks, Jared (1839). The Life of George Washington, Boston: Ferdinand Andrews. p. 17. Digitized by Google. Retrieved on May 17, 2007.
  22. ↑ Tabbert, Mark A. (January 29, 2007). "A Masonic Memorial to a Virtuous Man". Pietre-Stones Review of Freemasonry. Retrieved on May 17, 2007.
  23. ↑ Washington Daylight Lodge #14 (2006). "Commemoration of George Washington’s Birthday". Retrieved on August 21, 2007.
  24. ↑ Fred Anderson, Crucible of War (Vintage Books, 2001) , p. 6.
  25. 1 2 Lengel p.48
  26. ↑ On British attitudes see John Shy, Numerous and Armed: Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence (1990) p. 39; Douglas Edward Leach. Roots of Conflict: British Armed Forces and Colonial Americans, 1677–1763 (1986) p. 106; and John Ferling. Setting the World Ablaze: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and the American Revolution (2002) p. 65
  27. ↑ Joseph J. Ellis|Ellis, Joseph J. His Excellency: George Washington. (2004) ISBN 1-4000-4031-0.
  28. ↑ For negative treatments of Washington's excessive ambition and military blunders, see Bernhard Knollenberg, George Washington: The Virginia Period, 1732–1775 (1964) and Thomas A. Lewis, For King and Country: The Maturing of George Washington, 1748–1760 (1992).
  29. ↑ Lawrence Washington's Captain's Commission, signed by King George II, and awarded by Virginia Governor William Gooch on July 10, 1740, survives in the Mount Vernon estate archives, document W-734
  30. ↑ Chartrand & Rickman, Colonial American Troops, 1610–1774 (Vol.1) (Osprey Publishing: 2002) p. 45.
  31. ↑ Leach, Douglas. Roots of Conflict: British Armed Forces and Colonial Americans, 1677–1763 (University of North Carolina Press:1986) p.50. ISBN 0-8078-4258-3
  32. ↑ see: Bruce, Anthony. The Purchase System in the British Army, 1660-1871 (London:1980, Royal Historical Society) ISBN 0901050571
  33. ↑ Rasmussen & Tilton. George Washington: The Man Behind the Myths. (University Press of Virginia: 1999) p.57. ISBN 0-8139-1900-2
  34. ↑ John K. Amory, M.D., "George Washington’s infertility: Why was the father of our country never a father?", Fertility and Sterility, Vol. 81, No. 3, March 2004. (online, PDF format)
  35. ↑ "Acreage, slaves, and social standing", Joseph Ellis, His Excellency, George Washington, pp. 41–42, 48.
  36. ↑ Washington, quoted in Ferling, p. 99.
  37. ↑ Orlando W. Stephenson, "The Supply of Gunpowder in 1776", American Historical Review, Vol. 30, No. 2 (January 1925), pp. 271–281 in JSTOR
  38. ↑ Bickham, Troy O. "Sympathizing with Sedition? George Washington, the British Press, and British Attitudes During the American War of Independence", William and Mary Quarterly 2002 59(1): 101–122. ISSN 0043-5597 Fulltext online in History Cooperative
  39. ↑ McCullough, David (2005). 1776. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0743226714.
  40. ↑ George Washington Biography, American-Presidents.com. Retrieved July 29, 2009.
  41. ↑ George Washington Papers 1741–1799: Series 3b Varick Transcripts, American Memory, Library of Congress, Accessed May 22, 2006.
  42. ↑ Frost, Doug (January 6, 2005). "Rum makers distill unsavory history into fresh products". San Francisco Chronicle.
  43. ↑ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1972). "Washington's First Administration: 1789–1793". The Oxford History of the American People, Vol. 2. Meridian.
  44. ↑ Leonard D. White, The Federalists: A Study in Administrative History (1948)
  45. ↑ After Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected to an unprecedented four terms, the two-term limit was formally integrated into the Federal Constitution by the twenty-second Amendment.
  46. ↑ Crew, Harvey W., Webb, William Bensing, Wooldridge, John, Centennial History of the City of Washington, D.C., United Brethren Publishing House, Dayton, Ohio, 1892, Chapter IV. "Permanent Capital Site Selected", p. 87 in Google Books. Accessed May 7, 2009.
  47. ↑ Text of Residence Act in ""American Memory" in official website of the U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved April 15, 2009.
  48. ↑ Hoover, Michael. "The Whiskey Rebellion". United States Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-10-19.
  49. ↑ Matthew Spalding, The Command of its own Fortunes: Reconsidering Washington's Farewell Address", in William D. Pederson, Mark J. Rozell, Ethan M. Fishman, eds. George Washington (2001) ch 2; Virginia Arbery, "Washington's Farewell Address and the Form of the American Regime" in Gary L. Gregg II and Matthew Spalding, eds. George Washington and the American Political Tradition. 1999 pp. 199–216.
  50. ↑ "Library of Congress – see Farewell Address section". Loc.gov. 2003-10-27. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2009-08-06.
  51. ↑ "Religion and the Federal Government". Religion and the Founding of the American Republic. Library of Congress Exhibition. Retrieved on May 17, 2007.
  52. ↑ "Washington's Farewell Address, 1796"
  53. 1 2 The World Book Encyclopedia. W*X*Y*Z (1969 ed.). Field Enterprises Educational Corporation. 1969 [1917]. p. 84a. LOC 69-10030. Unknown parameter |Comment= ignored (help)
  54. ↑ Vadakan, M.D., Vibul V. (Winter/Spring 2005). "A Physician Looks At The Death of Washington". Early America Review. Archiving Early America. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-02-17. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  55. ↑ เขาได้รับชื่อเสียงทั่วโลกเป็นสิ่งที่จำเป็นยิ่ง ตัวอย่างของความเมตตากรุณาจากการสร้างชาติ กอร์ดอน วูด สรุปว่า การปฏิบัติของวอชิงตันที่ยิ่งใหญ่ที่สุดในชีวิตของเขา คือ การลาออกจากตำแหน่งผู้บัญชาการกองทัพสหรัฐฯ สิ่งนี้เองที่สร้างความมึนงงให้กับชนชั้นสูงในยุโรป. Gordon Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (1992), pp 105–6; Edmund Morgan, The Genius of George Washington (1980), pp 12–13; Sarah J. Purcell, Sealed With Blood: War, Sacrifice, and Memory in Revolutionary America (2002) p. 97; Don Higginbotham, George Washington (2004) ; Ellis, 2004. The earliest known image in which Washington is identified as such is on the cover of the circa 1778 Pennsylvania German almanac (Lancaster: Gedruckt bey Francis Bailey).
  56. ↑ Welcome to the George Washington Masonic Memorial
  57. ↑ Fritz Hirschfeld, George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Portrayal, University of Missouri, 1997, pp. 11-12
  58. ↑ Letter of April 12, 1786, in W. B. Allen, ed., George Washington: A Collection (Indianapolis: Library Classics, 1989), 319.
  59. ↑ Slave raffle linked to Washington's reassessment of slavery: Wiencek, pp. 135–36, 178–88. Washington's decision to stop selling slaves: Hirschfeld, p. 16. Influence of war and Wheatley: Wiencek, ch 6. Dilemma of selling slaves: Wiencek, p. 230; Ellis, pp. 164–7; Hirschfeld, pp. 27–29.
  60. ↑ Biographical sketches of the 9
  61. ↑ Pennsylvania's Gradual Abolition Law (1780)
  62. ↑ The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
  63. ↑ 1799 Mount Vernon Slave Census
  64. ↑ Twohig, "That Species of Property", pp. 127–28.
  65. ↑ Slavery by the Numbers
  66. ↑ Family Bible entry http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/hh/26/hh26f.htm
  67. ↑ Image of page from family Bible http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/project/faq/bible.html
  68. ↑ Colonial Williamsburg website has several articles on religion in colonial Virginia
  69. ↑ "George Washington to George Mason, October 3, 1785, LS". Library of Congress: American Memory. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2006-09-05.
  70. ↑ ushistory.org Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis' letter written to Jared Sparks, 1833
  71. ↑ Sprague, Rev. Wm. B. "Annals of the American Pulpit". pp. p 394.CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
  72. ↑ Neill, Rev. E.D. (1885-01-02). "article reprinted from Episcopal Recorder" (PDF). NY Times. pp. p 3. Unknown parameter |length= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
  73. ↑ Guy Fawkes Night หรือเรียกอีอย่างว่า Bonfire Night เป็นวันที่เฉลิมฉลองของชาวอังกฤษ ตรงกับวันที่ 5 พฤศจิกายน ของทุกปี เพื่อเป็นการระลึกถึง Guy Fawkes กบฏ ที่เป็นกลุ่มคนชาวโรมันคาทอริค ที่มีความไม่พอใจต่อพระเจ้าJames ที่ 1 ซึ่งส่งเสริมนิกายโปรเตสสแตนด์ จึงได้วางแผนพยายามที่จะจุดระเบิดเพื่อที่จะเผาทำลายรัฐสภาอังกฤษ ในปี ค.ศ. 1605
  74. ↑ "Washington as a Freemason". Phoenixmasonry.org. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-02-17.
  75. ↑ http://www.francmasoncoleccion.es/2-GEORGE-WASHINGTON-MASON-MASONERIA/george-washington-as-mason-masones-famosos.php
  76. ↑ Homans, Charles (2004-10-06). "Taking a New Look at George Washington". The Papers of George Washington: Washington in the News. Alderman Library, University of Virginia. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-09-28.
  77. ↑ Ross, John F (October 2005). Unmasking George Washington. Smithsonian Magazine. |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: Date and year (link)
  78. ↑ "George Washington's Mount Vernon: Answers". สืบค้นเมื่อ 2006-06-30.
  79. ↑ Gilbert Stuart. "Smithsonian National Picture Gallery: George Washington (the Athenaeum portrait)". สืบค้นเมื่อ 2006-06-30.
  80. 1 2 3 Lloyd, J & Mitchinson, J: The Book of General Ignorance. Faber & Faber, 2006.
  81. ↑ Barbara Glover. "George Washington - A Dental Victim". สืบค้นเมื่อ 2006-06-30.
  82. ↑ Nicholas F. Gier, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho (1980 and 2005). "Religious Liberalism and the Founding Fathers". สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-12-11. Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Buchanan, John. The Road to Valley Forge: How Washington Built the Army That Won the Revolution (2004). 368 pp.
  • Burns, James MacGregor and Dunn, Susan. George Washington. Times, 2004. 185 pp. explore leadership style
  • Cunliffe, Marcus. George Washington: Man and Monument (1958) , explores both the biography and the myth
  • Grizzard, Frank E., Jr. George! A Guide to All Things Washington. Buena Vista and Charlottesville, VA: Mariner Publishing. 2005. ISBN 0-9768238-0-2. Grizzard is a leading scholar of Washington.
  • Hirschfeld, Fritz. George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Portrayal. University of Missouri Press, 1997.
  • Ellis, Joseph J. His Excellency: George Washington. (2004) ISBN 1-4000-4031-0. Acclaimed interpretation of Washington's career.
  • Elkins, Stanley M. and Eric McKitrick. The Age of Federalism. (1994) the leading scholarly history of the 1790s.
  • Ferling, John E. The First of Men: A Life of George Washington (1989). Biography from a leading scholar.
  • Fischer, David Hackett. Washington's Crossing. (2004) , prize-winning military history focused on 1775–1776.
  • Flexner, James Thomas. Washington: The Indispensable Man. (1974). ISBN 0-316-28616-8 (1994 reissue). Single-volume condensation of Flexner's popular four-volume biography.
  • Freeman, Douglas S. George Washington: A Biography. 7 volumes, 1948–1957. The standard scholarly biography, winner of the Pulitzer Prize. A single-volume abridgement by Richard Harwell appeared in 1968
  • Grizzard, Frank E., Jr. George Washington: A Biographical Companion. ABC-CLIO, 2002. 436 pp. Comprehensive encyclopedia by leading scholar
  • Grizzard, Frank E., Jr. The Ways of Providence: Religion and George Washington. Buena Vista and Charlottesville, VA: Mariner Publishing. 2005. ISBN 0-9768238-1-0.
  • Higginbotham, Don, ed. George Washington Reconsidered. University Press of Virginia, (2001). 336 pp of essays by scholars
  • Higginbotham, Don. George Washington: Uniting a Nation. Rowman & Littlefield, (2002). 175 pp.
  • Hofstra, Warren R., ed. George Washington and the Virginia Backcountry. Madison House, 1998. Essays on Washington's formative years.
  • Lengel, Edward G. General George Washington: A Military Life. New York: Random House, 2005. ISBN 1-4000-6081-8.
  • Lodge, Henry Cabot. George Washington, 2 vols. (1889) , vol 1 at Gutenberg; vol 2 at Gutenberg
  • McDonald, Forrest. The Presidency of George Washington. 1988. Intellectual history showing Washington as exemplar of republicanism.
  • Smith, Richard Norton Patriarch: George Washington and the New American Nation Focuses on last 10 years of Washington's life.
  • Spalding, Matthew. "George Washington's Farewell Address." The Wilson Quarterly v20#4 (Autumn 1996) pp: 65+.
  • Stritof, Sheri and Bob. "George and Martha Washington" http://marriage.about.com/od/presidentialmarriages/p/gwashington.htm
  • Wiencek, Henry. An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. (2003).

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