เชิงอรรถและอ้างอิง ของ ประชาธิปไตยเสรีนิยม

  1. 1 2 "Freedom in The World report" (PDF). Freedom House. 2016.
  2. ↑ "Christian Business Ordered to Duplicate Homosexual Activist". Concerned Women for America. Archived from the original on 2008-11-28.
  3. ↑ Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E., eds. (2014). Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order (4, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–9. ISBN 1139991388. Britain pioneered the system of liberal democracy that has now spread in one form or another to most of the world's countries
  4. ↑ "Britain's unwritten constitution". British Library. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2015-11-27. The key landmark is the Bill of Rights (1689), which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown.... The Bill of Rights (1689) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch’s prerogatives, providing for the regular meeting of Parliament, free elections to the Commons, free speech in parliamentary debates, and some basic human rights, most famously freedom from ‘cruel or unusual punishment’.
  5. ↑ "Constitutionalism: America & Beyond". Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP), U.S. Department of State. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-10-30. The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th, and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House of Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law (although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects.... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The "rights of man" enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
  6. ↑
  7. ↑ Heater, Derek (2006). "Emergence of Radicalism". Citizenship in Britain: A History. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 30–42. ISBN 9780748626724.
  8. ↑ Blainey, Geoffrey (2004). A Very Short History of the World. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780713998221.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  9. ↑ Schmitt, Carl (1985). The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy. Cambridge: MIT Press. pp. 2, 8 (chapter 1). ISBN 978-0-26-219240-8.
  10. ↑ Doomen, Jasper (2014). Freedom and Equality in a Liberal Democratic State. Brussels: Bruylant. pp. 88, 101. ISBN 978-2-80-274623-2.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Freedom House เป็นองค์การนอกภาครัฐที่ได้รับทุน 66-85% จากรัฐบาลกลางสหรัฐระหว่างปี 2549-2558 เพื่อทำงานสนับสนุนและวิจัยในเรื่องประชาธิปไตย เสรีภาพทางการเมือง และสิทธิมนุษยชน องค์กรทำรายงานประจำปีรวมทั้ง
    • รายงานเสรีภาพในโลก (Freedom in the World Report) ซึ่งประเมินเสรีภาพทางการเมืองและเสรีภาพของพลเรือน เป็นรายงานที่นักรัฐศาสตร์ นักข่าว และผู้ออกนโยบายรัฐ อ้างอิงบ่อย ๆ
    • รายงาน เสรีภาพของนักข่าว (Freedom of the Press) และ เสรีภาพของอินเทอร์เน็ต (Freedom of Net) ซึ่งตรวจตราการตรวจพิจารณา (การเซ็นเซอร์) การคุกคามและความรุนแรงต่อนักข่าว และการเข้าถึงข้อมูลได้ของประชาชน
    แม้ว่า องค์การจะถูกตำหนิโดยกลุ่มต่าง ๆ รวมทั้ง รัสเซีย จีน คิวบา ซูดาน พร้อมทั้งนักรัฐศาสตร์และนักปฏิบัติการทางการเมืองของสหรัฐเอง แต่ว่า งานวิเคราะห์ของนักวิชาการพวกหนึ่ง (Kenneth A. Bollen) ไม่พบความเอนเอียงอย่างเป็นระบบของดัชนีที่เป็นผลงาน ส่วนอีกงานหนึ่ง (Mainwaring et. al) พบความเอนเอียงอย่างเป็นระบบสองอย่าง แม้ว่าค่าที่ได้เกี่ยวกับประเทศลาตินอเมริกาจะสัมพันธ์กับที่พบในงานวิเคราะห์ของกลุ่มอื่น ๆ
  12. ↑ Casper, Gretchen; Tufis, Claudiu (2002). "Correlation versus Interchangeability: The Limited Robustness of Empirical Findings on Democracy using Highly Correlated Datasets" (PDF). Pennsylvania State University: Faculty paper. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-28.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  13. ↑ Bollen, K.A. (1992). Jabine, T.B.; Pierre Claude, R., eds. Political Rights and Political Liberties in Nations: An Evaluation of Human Rights Measures, 1950 to 1984. Human Rights and Statistics. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3108-2.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
  14. ↑ "Policy Data Set". systemicpeace.org.
  15. ↑ Seyla Benhabib, Democracy and difference: contesting the boundaries of the political
  16. ↑ Alain Gagnon,Intellectuals in liberal democracies: political influence and social involvement
  17. ↑ Yvonne Schmidt, Foundations of Civil and Political Rights in Israel and the Occupied Territories
  18. ↑ William S. Livingston, A Prospect of purple and orange democracy
  19. ↑ Steven V. Mazie,Israel's higher law: religion and liberal democracy in the Jewish state
  20. ↑ Mulgan, Richard; Peter Aimer (2004). "chapter 1, page 17". Politics in New Zealand (3rd ed.). Auckland University Press. pp. 344 pages. ISBN 1-86940-318-5. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2009-06-26.
  21. ↑ "India Awakens - Fueled by high-octane growth, the world's largest democracy is becoming a global power. Why the world will never be the same". Time. 2006-06-18.
  22. ↑ Hyland, James L (1995). Democratic theory: the philosophical foundations. Manchester, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Manchester University Press ND. p. 247.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  23. ↑ Dahl, RA. Democracy and Its Critics. Yale University Press. p. 222.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  24. ↑ "republic", Concise Oxford English Dictionary (8th ed.), United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 1990, 2 a society with equality between its members (the literary republic). Republic Day the day on which the foundation of a republic is commemorated; in India 26 January
  25. ↑ "republic", Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.), Springfield, Massachusetts, USA: Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2003, 2 : a body of persons freely engaged in a specified activity <the republic of letters>
  26. ↑ Knoepfel, Peter; Papadopoulos, Yannis; Sciarini, Pascal; Vatter, Adrian; Häusermann, Silja, eds. (2014). Handbuch der Schweizer Politik - Manuel de la politique suisse (in ภาษาเยอรมัน and ภาษาฝรั่งเศส) (5th ed.). Zürich, Switzerland: Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung, NZZ libro. ISBN 978-3-03823-866-9. Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link) CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  27. ↑ Marx, Karl (1871). "The civil war in France".CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  28. ↑ อาริสโตเติล (4th century BC). Politics. 2.1273b. Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  29. ↑ อาริสโตเติล (4th century BC). Politics. 4.1294b. Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  30. ↑ Levitt, Steven; Dubner, Stephen J. (2006). Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. HarperCollins. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-06-124513-8.
  31. ↑ Herman, Edward S (1996-07). "The Propaganda Model Revisited". Monthly Review. Check date values in: |date= (help) ตามเว็บไซต์ Chomsky.info
  32. ↑ Curran, James; Seaton, Jean (1997). Power Without Responsibility: the Press and Broadcasting in Britain. London: Routledge. p. 1.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  33. ↑ Chomsky, Noam; Steingart, Gabor (2008-10-10). "The United States Has Essentially a One-Party System". Der Spiegel Online.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) as reproduced on the Chomsky.info website
  34. ↑ Lippmann cited by Beissel, Henry (Winter 2005). "Mutation or Demise: The Democratization of Democracy". Living with Democracy.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  35. ↑ "Propaganda by Edward Bernays". Historyisaweapon.com. 1928. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-09-29.
  36. ↑ "International IDEA | Compulsory Voting". Idea.int. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-10-28.
  37. ↑ .Marshall, Monty G; Gurr, Ted Robert (2005). "Peace and Conflict 2005: A Global Survey of Armed Conflicts, Self-Determination Movements, and Democracy". Archived from the original on 2007-02-06. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2006-08-18.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Unfit url (link) For illustrating graphs, see "Global Conflict Trends - Measuring Systematic Peace". Center for Systemic Peace. 2006. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2006-02-19.
  38. ↑ Chua, Amy (2002). World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-50302-4.
  39. ↑ Bartlett, Robert (2000). England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075-1225. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. pp. 165–68. ISBN 0-19-822741-8. 25% tax in England in the 12th century
  40. ↑ Hoppe, Hans-Herman (2001). Democracy: The God That Failed. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0765808684.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  41. ↑ "DPRK Holds Election of Local and National Assemblies". People's Korea. Archived from the original on 2013-03-31. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-06-28.
  42. ↑ "The Parliamentary System of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea" (PDF). Constitutional and Parliamentary Information. Association of Secretaries General of Parliaments (ASGP) of the Inter-Parliamentary Union. p. 4. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-10-01.
  43. ↑ Kyvig, David E (1979). Repealing National Prohibition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 6–10. ISBN 0-226-46641-8.
  44. ↑ Weil, Andrew; Rosen, Winifred (1993). From Chocolate to Morphine. New York: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 11–12. ISBN 0-395-66079-3. Everybody is willing to call certain drugs bad, but there is little agreement from one culture to the next as to which these are. In some societies, all nonmedical drugs other than alcohol, tobacco and caffeine are viewed with suspicion by the majority. ... Some yogis in India use marijuana ritually, but teach that opiates and alcohol are harmful. Muslims may tolerate the use of opium, marijuana and qat ..., but are very strict in their exclusion of alcohol.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  45. ↑ McNamara, Joseph (1994). "Why We Should Call Off the War on Drugs". Questioning Prohibition. Brussels: International Antiprohibitionist League. p. 147. The drug war has become a race war in which cops, most of them white, arrest non-whites for drug crimes at four to five times the rate whites are arrested.
  46. ↑ Marks, John (1994). "The Paradox of Prohibition". Questioning Prohibition. Brussels: International Antiprohibitionist League. p. 161. Havelock Ellis wrote at the turn of the century on his visit to America of the zeal of the Christian missionaries during the 19th century ... In an obscure southwestern state he happened across some upset missionaries who ... had come up against some Amerindians who ate cacti as part of their sacrament much as the Christians use wine. The hallucinogen in the cacti, which the Indians interpreted as putting them in communion with their God, rendered them, said the distraught missionaries, "Resistant to all our moral suasions". The missionaries had recourse to the state legislature and cactus eating was forbidden. Between the turn of the century and the First World War these laws were generalised to all states of the Union and to all substances, including alcohol. The Americans adopted prohibition in response to a strong religious lobby for whom all intoxicants were direct competitors for the control over the minds of men.
  47. ↑ Choi, Ajin (2004). "Democratic Synergy and Victory in War, 1816-1992". International Studies Quarterly. 48 (3): 663–82. doi:10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00319.x.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  48. ↑ Dan, Reiter; Stam, Allan C. (2002). Democracies at War. Princeton University Press. pp. 64–70. ISBN 0-691-08948-5.
  49. 1 2 3 4 5 "The Democracy Advantage: How Democracies Promote Prosperity and Peace". Carnegie Council. Archived from the original on 2006-06-28.
  50. ↑ Lederman, Daniel; Loaza, Normal; Soares, Rodrigo Res (2001-11). "Accountability and Corruption: Political Institutions Matter". World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2708. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2006-02-19. Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) (SSRN 632777)
  51. ↑ "Right to Information Act India's magic wand against corruption". AsiaMedia. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-10-28.
  52. ↑ "Harvard Gazette: Freedom squelches terrorist violence". News.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-09-19. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-10-28.
  53. ↑ "Published Work Using Economic Freedom of the World Research". Free the World. Archived from the original on 2011-03-20.
  54. ↑ Bergren, Nicclas (2002). "The Benefits of Economic Freedom: A Survey" (PDF). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2006-09-01 https://web.archive.org/web/20070628093441/http://www.ratioinstitutet.nu/pdf/wp/nb_efi.pdf. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  55. ↑ Dawson, John W (1998). "Review of Robert J. Barro, Determinants of Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Study". Economic History Services.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  56. ↑ Farr, W Ken; Lord, Richard A; Wolfenbarger, J Larry (1998). "Economic Freedom, Political Freedom, and Economic Well-Being: A Causality Analysis" (PDF). Cato Journal. 18 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-02-03. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2005-04-11.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  57. ↑ Wu, Wenbo; Davis, Otto A (2003). "Economic Freedom and Political Freedom" (PDF). Encyclopedia of Public Choice. มหาวิทยาลัยคาร์เนกีเมลลอน, National University of Singapore.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  58. ↑ Vásquez, Ian (2001). "Ending Mass Poverty". Cato Institute. Archived from the original on 2011-05-24.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  59. ↑ Lundström, Susanna (2002-04). "The Effects of Democracy on Different Categories of Economic Freedom" (PDF). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2006-02-19. Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  60. ↑ de Mesquita, Bruce Bueno; Downs, George W (2005). "Development and Democracy". Archived from the original on 2008-02-20.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  61. ↑ Single, Joseph T; Weinstein, Michael M; Halperin, Morton H (2004-09-01). "Why Democracies Excel". เดอะนิวยอร์กไทมส์ - Foreign Affairs.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  62. ↑ Ross, Michael Lewin (2001). "Does Oil Hinder Democracy?". World Politics. 53 (3): 325–61. doi:10.1353/wp.2001.0011.
  63. ↑ Doucouliagos, H; Ulubasoglu, M (2006). "Democracy and Economic Growth: A meta-analysis". School of Accounting, Economics and Finance Deakin University Australia.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  64. ↑ อมรรตยะ เสน (1999). "Democracy as a Universal Value". Journal of Democracy. Johns Hopkins University Press. 10 (3): 3–17.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  65. ↑ Álvaro, Franco; Álvarez-Dardet, Carlos; Ruiz, Maria Teresa (2004). "Effect of democracy on health: ecological study (required)". British Medical Journal. 329 (7480): 1421–23. doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7480.1421. PMC 535957. PMID 15604165.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  66. ↑ McKee, Marin; Nolte, Ellen (2004). "Lessons from health during the transition from communism". British Medical Journal. 329 (7480): 1428–29. doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7480.1428. PMC 535963. PMID 15604170.
  67. ↑ Håvard, Hegre; Ellington, Tanja; Gates, Scott; Gleditsch, Nils Petter (2001). "Towards A Democratic Civil Peace? Opportunity, Grievance, and Civil War 1816-1992". American Political Science Review. 95: 33–48. Archived from the original on 2006-02-09.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  68. ↑ Ray, James Lee (2003). A Lakatosian View of the Democratic Peace Research Program From Progress in International Relations Theory, edited by Colin and Miriam Fendius Elman (PDF). MIT Press.
  69. ↑ Haas, Michael (2014). Deconstructing the 'Democratic Peace': How a Research Agenda Boomeranged. Los Angeles, CA: Publishinghouse for Scholars.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  70. ↑ Rummel, RJ (1997). Power Kills. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) [ต้องการหน้า]
  71. ↑ Harff, Barbara (2003). "No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust?". Archived from the original on 2007-10-30.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)

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